When scientists say a universe is life-permitting...
The fundamental problem here is that the chances that the universe that exists sould happen to be life-permitting are so remote that this alternative becomes unreasonable...
To point 2, let me give you a counter-example. Suppose you did the drawing of ping-pong balls that you mentioned. Chances of getting the black ball are indeed low. Now suppose you did it 100 billion times (representing the theory of multiple [nearly an infinite number of] universes). Now, chances become much greater, and even approach a probability of 1. I'm not saying that I agree with this theory, per se, but it's just an interesting consideration.