Let me relate from my childhood days. I was born in a Catholic family. I was baptized as an infant, received First Holy Communion at the age of 7, and was "confirmed" in the Catholic Church at the age of 14.You are absolutely right. We cannot replace God, and we understand that. They, the Isrealites, obviously didn't understand that and looked to replace Him, which is why He was upset. They weren't looking for something to represent God. They built themselves a god.
Ok, let's look at it from your perspective. They built this calf, you say, to represent God. So they, not knowing who God really is, decided to build this golden calf and call it God. Right? So this became "God". They turned the real God into this golden calf. "They have made themselves a molded calf, and worshiped it and sacrificed to it, and said, ‘This is your god, O Israel, that brought you out of the land of Egypt!’”
They worshipped IT and sacrificed to IT and said THIS IS YOUR GOD! We Catholics DON'T worship the concrete statues or sacrifice to them, and we don't call them our God. No matter which way you interpret this bit of Scripture, it does not fit your accusations against the Catholic Church on idol worship. Had that golden calf fallen and broken, the Isrealites would've thought it was the end of the world. When our statues or images or whatever fall and break, we throw them away and buy another one. Can you not see my point?
When I was 7, my grandma once pointed out to the image of the Virgin Mary at the altar of our home and said, "Mother Mary is watching." I got into a friendly argument with her and asked, "Does Mother Mary reside in that statue? Off course not. It's just a statue!" She retorted, "Don't say that! You know nothing! Her presence is in that statue, and she is watching." Even as a 7 year old kid, my young mind knew that something was amiss. I knew that this was not what the Catholic Church taught. However, many are under such misconceptions that arise from the use of Idols. When I studied the Bible I read that God forbade even the making of an idol or image. Thinking back about my grandma's misapprehension, I fully understand why God did the forbidding.