Alfred Edersheim (
The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah) gives the most detailed archaeological treatment. He explains that it was customary in the East to carry about ten such lamps in a bridal procession, with ten being the number required for the benedictions accompanying Jewish marriage ceremonies. He's careful to note a nuance often missed: in the parable, the bridegroom is pictured as coming from a distance to the bridal house, so the virgins go out to meet and escort him back to the bridal place, rather than following the more typical pattern of the groom traveling to the bride's home.
Christian Classics Ethereal LibraryChristian Classics Ethereal Library
D.A. Carson, cited by GotQuestions.org, describes the fuller sequence: the bridegroom and friends would leave his home for the bride's home for various ceremonies, followed by a nighttime procession through the streets back to the groom's house — the point at which the lamp-bearing bridesmaids would join in to light the way.
GotQuestions
John Walvoord, quoted by Thomas Ice, makes a point relevant to your typological interests: he stresses that the text uses none of the terms elsewhere applied to the church, such as bride or body, so the ten virgins should be read as bridesmaids attending the wedding rather than as the bride herself.
Blue Letter Bible
A Reformed Theological Seminary sermon on the passage adds color on the procession itself: once the bride was released by her parents, the groomsmen and bridesmaids would join the couple and parade through the darkened streets with their torches lit on the way to the wedding feast.
Reformed Theological Seminary
Jesus Film Project's exposition frames the whole scene similarly: the bride and her bridesmaids waited at the bride's home for the groom, usually after dark, expecting a long procession of dancing and celebration leading to the main event.
Jesus Film Project
A more devotional but still Galilean-custom-focused source (Group Bible Study) summarizes the bridesmaids' function plainly: the bride's ten virgins were tasked with lighting the way and welcoming the bridegroom and his friends to the wedding location before joining the celebration.