If John is writing in the time of Nero, that fits very well.
The beast that comes from the sea is Rome (from the Mediterranean).
The first seven Roman emperors: Julius Cesar, Augustus Cesar, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, then Galba, who continued for only 7 months.
That means that the one that "is" is Nero.
John is not at liberty to disclose the name of the man Nero, so he gives the Hebrew number of the name.
"NERON CESAR" transliterated into Hebrew letters adds up to six hundred and sixty six.
After Galba the Roman empire collapses into civil war and appears to be dead, but the Flavian dynasty (8th beast) arises from the destruction.
It is under this renewed Roman empire that Jerusalem is destroyed.
These are the events that John predicts "must shortly come to pass" in Revelations 1:1.
This argument represents the Early-Date Preterist interpretation of the Book of Revelation. While it gained significant popularity in the 19th century and remains a major scholarly theory, the vast majority of church history and modern textual criticism reject it.
The theory relies on selective counting, linguistic gymnastics, and ignoring key historical evidence. The argument breaks down under critical scrutiny across several key areas:
1. The Historical Date of Composition (The AD 95 Problem)
For the Neronic theory to work, Revelation must have been written around AD 65–68 (before Nero's suicide). However, both external historical evidence and internal text point to a late date around AD 95–96, during the reign of Emperor Domitian.
* Early Church Testimony: St. Irenaeus (c. AD 180)—who was a disciple of Polycarp, who was himself a direct disciple of the Apostle John—explicitly wrote that the vision was seen "almost in our day, towards the end of Domitian’s reign" (Against Heresies 5.30.3).
* Condition of the Seven Churches: The spiritual decline described in the letters to the Seven Churches (e.g., Laodicea being rich and self-satisfied) contradicts the historical reality of these churches in the mid-60s. Smyrna, for instance, did not even exist as a established Christian community during Paul's ministry in the 60s.
If Revelation was written in AD 95, Nero had already been dead for nearly 30 years, invalidating the argument that John was predicting Nero's immediate actions.
2. The Arbitrary Counting of Roman Emperors
To make Nero the 6th king ("the one that is") and Galba the 7th, one must start the count with Julius Caesar. This is historically and textually problematic:
* Julius Caesar was never an Emperor: He was a dictator of the Roman Republic. The Roman Empire officially began with Augustus.
* Standard First-Century Counting: Both Jewish and Roman historians of the 1st century (such as Josephus, Tacitus, and Suetonius) frequently began counting Roman emperors with Augustus.
* If you start with Augustus:
* Augustus
* Tiberius
* Caligula
* Claudius
* Nero (5th)
* Galba (6th — "the one that is")
* If the 6th emperor ("the one that is") is Galba, the theory falls apart because Revelation would be claiming Galba was reigning, not Nero.
* Furthermore, if you exclude the brief rule of Galba, Otho, and Vitellius during the Year of the Four Emperors (AD 69) as usurpers, Vespasian becomes the 6th emperor. The list can be manipulated to fit almost any emperor depending on where you choose to start and who you decide to count.
3. The Flaws in the "666 = Neron Caesar" Calculation
The argument that "Neron Caesar" equals 666 via Hebrew gematria (assigning numerical values to letters) seems convincing on the surface, but requires severe linguistic manipulation:
* Language Mismatch: John was writing in Greek to a Greek-speaking Gentile/Jewish-Christian audience in Asia Minor (modern Turkey). Demanding that a Greek-speaking audience translate a Latin name (Nero Caesar) into an awkward Hebrew transliteration (NRWN QSR) to decode a Greek text makes little sense.
* Forced Spelling: To make the Hebrew letters equal 666, the title must be spelled נרון קסר (Neron Qasar), dropping the letter Yod (י), which was standard spelling for "Caesar" in ancient Hebrew/Aramaic (קסיר - Qasyr). Standard ancient Hebrew spelling adds up to 676, not 666.
* Early Church Ignorance: Irenaeus, writing in the 2nd century with access to original apostolic traditions, analyzed the number 666 extensively and proposed names like Teitan or Lateinos. He explicitly noted that he did not know the exact identity of the Beast. If the Apostles intended 666 to mean Nero, that knowledge vanished suspiciously fast.
4. Historical Mismatches of the Beast
The actual biblical description of the Beast in Revelation 13 and 17 does not fit Nero's actual reign or death:
* Global Economic Control: Revelation 13:17 states that no one could buy or sell without the mark of the beast. Nero never issued a universal mark, economic restriction, or mandatory currency stamp on the right hand or forehead required for daily commercial trade.
* The "Mortal Wound" Myth: Preterists claim the Flavian Dynasty was the "resurrection" of the Beast. However, Revelation describes the individual Beast himself receiving a fatal head wound that is healed (often linked by scholars to the Nero Redivivus legend—a popular pagan myth that Nero hadn't really died and would return with a Parthian army). The Roman Empire did not "die" when Nero committed suicide; the central government experienced a brief year of civil war before Vespasian restored order.
Summary
The Preterist interpretation forces the biblical text into a narrow, 1st-century window by:
* Ignoring early church witness on the AD 95 date.
* Starting the list of Roman Emperors arbitrarily with Julius Caesar instead of Augustus.
* Forcing a Greek text into a modified, non-standard Hebrew spelli
ng of a Latin name to obtain 666.