Sorry, this was Rome.
You best check who wrote those history books you been reading. Catholic editions I bet.
Anyway Dan 11:17-19 is Julius Caesar, Cleopatra and Mark Antony.
Verse 20 "the raiser of taxes" was Augustus. It's why Joseph and Mary had to go to Bethlehem.
21-22 was Tiberius. Jesus is the "Prince of the covenant" in verse 22. Dan 8:11 also is Tiberius....
Daniel 11 moves through Persia → Alexander → the Diadochi → the Seleucid–Ptolemaic wars, and it stays in that north–south (Syria–Egypt) conflict until verse 35; verses 2–4 describe Persia and Alexander, verses 5–20 describe the long Seleucid–Ptolemaic struggle (Seleucus I, Ptolemy I, Antiochus II, Ptolemy III, Seleucus II, Antiochus III, Ptolemy V), and verse 21 introduces a contemptible king who seizes the kingdom without royal majesty — Antiochus IV — whose actions match the text line‑by‑line: he takes the throne through intrigue, he invades Egypt twice, he is turned back by Roman ships (the famous “Day of Eleusis”), he returns enraged and abolishes the daily sacrifice, he sets up the abomination that makes desolate, he persecutes the faithful, and his oppression lasts a limited purifying period.
Rome does not enter the narrative as the king of the north; Rome appears only as the outside power that humiliates Antiochus and forces him to withdraw.
Julius Caesar, Augustus, and Tiberius simply do not fit the Seleucid–Ptolemaic geography, the north–south pattern, the temple‑specific actions, or the sacrificial abolition — Rome never stopped the daily sacrifice in Jesus’s lifetime, and Jesus is not the “prince of the covenant” in v. 22, because Daniel uses that title for Onias III, the murdered high priest whose death marked Antiochus’s rise.
The history is straightforward:
Daniel 11:2–20 is the Persian and Hellenistic succession, Daniel 11:21–35 is Antiochus IV, and only after verse 36 does the text shift into eschatological territory.
The historical references I’m using are the standard, pre‑modern, non‑Catholic, non‑Jesuit sources that every historian of the Hellenistic period relies on: Polybius (a Greek historian writing in the 2nd century BC, long before Rome became Christian), Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC), Livy (a Roman historian, not Catholic, writing before Christ), Appian (2nd century AD, not Catholic), Josephus (a 1st‑century Jewish historian, not Christian), and the Jewish books 1–2 Maccabees (written before Christ, used by Jews, not Jesuits). These sources describe the Seleucid–Ptolemaic wars, Antiochus’s rise, his Egyptian campaigns, the Roman intervention at Eleusis, the abolition of the daily sacrifice, and the abomination — all centuries before the Catholic Church existed. In other words, the history behind Daniel 11 is Jewish, Greek, and Roman, not Jesuit, not medieval, not Catholic; your Rome‑only reading requires ignoring the entire ancient record and forcing Julius Caesar, Augustus, and Tiberius into a Seleucid–Ptolemaic narrative they simply do not fit.
