Augustine of Hippo (354–430) taught that Adam's sin[SUP]
[25][/SUP] is transmitted by
concupiscence, or "hurtful desire",[SUP]
[26][/SUP][SUP]
[27][/SUP] resulting in humanity becoming a
massa damnata (mass of perdition, condemned crowd), with much enfeebled, though not destroyed, freedom of will.[SUP]
[2][/SUP] When Adam sinned, human nature was thenceforth transformed.
...
In Augustine's view (termed "Realism"), all of humanity was really present in Adam when he sinned, and therefore all have sinned.
Original sin, according to Augustine, consists of the guilt of Adam which all humans inherit. As sinners, humans are utterly depraved in nature, lack the freedom to do good, and cannot respond to the will of God without divine grace. Grace is irresistible, results in conversion, and leads to perseverance