From The Book of Holidays, 1958, pages 149-153
Halloween, in spite of the fact that it takes its name from a Christian festival (All Hallows or All Saints Day), comes from pagan times and has never taken on a Christian significance. There were two different festivals in the early world at this time of year, and they are both represented in our own Halloween activities. When you duck for apples, or throw an apple paring over your shoulder to see what initial it makes on the floor, you are doing as the Romans didhonoring Pomona, the Roman goddess of orchards and especially of apple orchards. And when you light a candle inside the jeering pumpkin face, you are in a small way imitating the Celtic Druids of northern Britain (described in the chapter on Saint Patrick's Day), who lit a fire to scare away winter and the evil spirits who were waiting to come rushing in when summer was over. On that night between October and November, the Druids kindled great fires on the hills as a barrier against the evil to come. (These Halloween fires still burn every year in many places, but especially in Scotland and Wales). By waving burning wisps of plaited straw aloft on pitchforks, people tried to frighten off demons and witches, but just in case this didnt work, they also put on grotesque and terrifying costumes. For if you dressed in a horrible enough fashion and went trooping around with the spirits all night, they would think you were one of them, and do you no harm. This is where the persistent Halloween custom of dressing up and wearing masks originated; and among the children who come to the door on Halloween, calling trick or treat, the most alarming costumes are still considered the best. Other northern peoples in the Germanic and Scandinavian countries also lived in terror of the raging rout, as they called the evil spirits whom they believed to be led by the great god Odin. Halloween weather was of the greatest importance to these people, for the day was prophetic: if the rout came in on a soft wind, the next year would be easy and good; but if the rout came raging in, the year would be full of bitter woe and warfare. The night being so filled with supernatural powers, it was usually possible for individuals to catch some premonitions of their own futures. Especially among the Celts there was a customwhich still continuesto try to learn what the future holds, especially in matrimonial matters. There is a wistful line in an old Scotch song, But I dont know whom Ill marry. Well, Halloween is the time to find out. And if you can't get some kind of a hint at least, you must have no Celtic blood at all. There are so many ways that there should be one for everybody. For instance, a girl puts three nuts on the grate. Then she names one nut for herself, and two for possible husbands of her acquaintance. He who cracks or jumps will be unfaithful, but he who starts to burn really likes her and will be a good mate. If the girl's nut and one of the others burn together, then the wedding is certain. Also, there is an interesting method of looking into a mirror. But, of course, a girl must be eating an apple while doing it. Then, if she gets a sight sees a boy peeping over her shoulderthe boy she sees will be the one she will marry. There are also the Three Luggies, or dishes, which Robert Burns mentions in his poem, Halloween. This is for boys instead of girls. One dish holds clean water, one dirty water, and one is empty. The boy is blindfolded, and dips his fingers into the first dish he feels. Clean water, as you can guess, means he will wed a maiden, dirty water a widow, and if the dish is empty, he stays single. Boys being never so eager to marry as girls are, the empty dish is probably a great relief to them. Nuts and apples are the invariable attendants upon all Halloween feasts, both then and now. In fact, in the north of England Halloween is often called Nutcrack Night. And in Penzance and St. Ives, in Cornwall, the Saturday nearest Halloween is known as Allan Day, after the big red apples of the regionapples from ancient orchards which have supplied many generations of Halloween believers. Trick or treat means of course that the young Halloween visitors who come to your door will play no tricks on you if you will treat them. ask them in for cookies or cider, maybe, and help fill their bags with fruit, nuts, cake, candy, or anything else you think they might like. But in the earlier days of our American Halloweens, before tricks or treats became popular, the night of October 31 was a nervous time for houseowners. People who had such things as birdbaths, gates, and lawn chairs learned to stow them away somewhere before dusk arrived and the raging rout of children, dressed as demons, ghosts, and witches started to lug away and hide every movable thing they could find. That mischief making is almost entirely over and the evil spirits are turned into just a lot of friendly neighborhood children by the ancient Halloween magic of apples, nuts, and general merriment. We wish the Druids and the Romans and the Norse could have found as simple a way out.