The first part of the article explains how we arrive at the year of Christ's Death. Luke's Gospel says John the Baptist began his Ministry in the 15th year of Tiberius. Now, Tiberius is known to have reigned from 14 A.D. So 15th year is 29 A.D. 3 1/2 years of Ministry of Christ later, He was put to Death on Pascha, or Passover. Hence, 30 A.D. is not correct and 33 A.D. stands.
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The Dates and Years of the Birth and Death of Christ
It is common to hear some people propose that Our Lord was crucified as early as 30 A.D. and born as early as 4 B.C. They also claim He was not born in December and have proposed all sorts of other dates for His birth. Is there any truth to these claims? In the below article, we will deduce, step by step, the dates and years of the birth and the death of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.
First Point: Our Lord Jesus began His ministry after the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar (29 A.D.).
The Gospel tells us plainly
(Lk. 3:1): “Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and Philip his brother tetrarch of Iturea, and the country of Trachonitis, and Lysanias tetrarch of Abilina; [2] Under the high priests Annas and Caiaphas; the word of the Lord was made unto John, the son of Zachary, in the desert.”
This gives us a wealth of historical information. We independently know that (1)
Pontius Pilate was governor of Judaea from 26 to 36 A.D. (2)
Tiberius Caesar begin to reign in the year 14 A.D. The fifteenth year of his reign is therefore 29 A.D. (3)
Caiaphas also remained high priest until 36 A.D.
We therefore have solid dates for the beginning of St. John the Baptist’s ministry of baptism. Our Lord Jesus Himself, being baptized around 30 years of age, soon began to preach the Gospel.
Luk 3:22: “And the Holy Ghost descended in a bodily shape, as a dove upon him; and a voice came from heaven: Thou art my beloved Son; in thee I am well pleased. [23] And Jesus himself was beginning about the age of thirty years; being (as it was supposed) the son of Joseph, who was of Heli, who was of Mathat.” Our Lord was 30 in 30 A.D. He couldn’t have been crucified in that year.
Point Two: The Ministry of Our Lord lasted three years. Therefore, Our Lord wasn’t crucified in 30 A.D.
The Gospel of St. John notes that three Passovers were completed during the ministry of Our Lord.
Jn. 2:13 “And the pasch [likely 31 A.D.] of the Jews was at hand, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem.”
Incidentally, Bp. Eusebius and other Church Fathers tell us that the Synoptics mostly record only the third year of Christ’s preaching. Thus, John the Baptist is captured early (Mt. 4:12; Mk. 6:17; Lk. 3:20). But St. John the Apostle, who wanted to write about Christ’s early miracles, begins at Cana.
Jn. 6:4: “Now the pasch, the festival day of the Jews [likely Passover 32 A.D.], was near at hand.”
We see the second Pasch that passes during Christ’s ministry. This alone is sufficient to rule out a 30 A.D. date for Our Lord’s Death. Our Lord was killed on the Passover of 33 A.D., as we shall see.
Jn. 11:55: “And the pasch of the Jews was at hand [the final Pasch of Christ’s Life, in 33 A.D.]; and many from the country went up to Jerusalem, before the pasch to purify themselves.”
Point Three: Our Lord was crucified (in our Christian calendar) on April 3, 33 A.D. at 3:00 P.M.
We further know from the Gospel writers that Our Lord was
crucified at 3:00 P.M.: “Matthew, Mark, and Luke each record that Jesus died about ‘the ninth hour’ (
Matthew 27:45-50,
Mark 15:34-37,
Luke 23:44-46).”
With some historical calculations, we can see that Nisan 14 (the Jewish Passover date) fell on April 3 in 33 A.D. Therefore, the time of Our Lord’s crucifixion and death was April 3, 33 A.D. at 3:00 P.M. (ninth hour).
First Things has a similar calculation.
Live Science considers also the earthquake St. Matthew (27:54) reports.
Similarly, with Our Lord’s crucifixion date fixed, we can work backward to see when Our Lord Jesus was born.
How? Since if Christ Our Lord was 30 around 29 or 30 A.D. and died in 33 A.D. after 30 years of life and a further three and a half years of ministry, it is evident He could not have been born in 4 B.C. or any time earlier, but only in 1 B.C. or 2 B.C. If He was 33 on Nisan 14, 33 A.D., as we have seen, He was born in 1 B.C. if born before April, or in 2 B.C. if born after April. Since He was born in December, as we will see, He was born in 2 B.C.
(Recall also that there is no year 0 B.C. 1 B.C. goes to 1 A.D. Being 33 in April, 33 A.D. requires a 2 B.C. birth.)"