Matthew 1
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Writing (22)
Sumerian king list:
What do we know about the Sumerian city of Sippar?
Sippar was an ancient Mesopotamian city on the Euphrates River, primarily known as the cult center for the sun god Shamash (Sumerian Utu) and home to his main temple, E-babbara. It was a significant city from the Early Dynastic period through the Neo-Babylonian era, located at the site of modern Tell Abu Habbah in Iraq, and was sometimes paired with its sister city Sippar-Amnanum. Sippar was also famous for its Naditu women, a religious community of unmarried women who participated in economic and social activities, and it played a crucial role in the broader history of Babylonia.
Religious Significance
Sumerian king list:
What do we know about the Sumerian city of Sippar?
Sippar was an ancient Mesopotamian city on the Euphrates River, primarily known as the cult center for the sun god Shamash (Sumerian Utu) and home to his main temple, E-babbara. It was a significant city from the Early Dynastic period through the Neo-Babylonian era, located at the site of modern Tell Abu Habbah in Iraq, and was sometimes paired with its sister city Sippar-Amnanum. Sippar was also famous for its Naditu women, a religious community of unmarried women who participated in economic and social activities, and it played a crucial role in the broader history of Babylonia.
Religious Significance
- Cult Center of Shamash: Sippar was a paramount religious center dedicated to the sun god Shamash (Utu).
Economic and Social Life
Other Deities: Other deities also had temples in Sippar, including the goddess Nin-Isina, and the temple of the goddess Annunītu in the city's sister site, Sippar-Amnanum.
Babylonian Period: The city walls and the temple of Shamash were rebuilt and attended to by various Babylonian kings, including Sumu-la-El, Hammurabi, and Samsu-iluna, and later by Nabu-apla-iddina.
Elamite Sacking: The city was famously sacked by the Elamite king Kutir-Nahhunte in 1174 BC, an event that led to the recovery of the ancient image of the sun god during the rebuilding of the temple by Nabu-apla-iddina.
Archaeological Excavations: Archaeological work at the site (Tell Abu Habbah) began in the late 19th century and has uncovered thousands of cuneiform tablets, including fragments of the Epic of Gilgamesh.
- The Naditu Community: Sippar was home to a notable community of Naditu women, a type of "religious" wife who lived in cloisters, adopted daughters, and acted as real estate proprietors and moneylenders.
- Economic Role: The Naditu women and the temple served as important economic institutions, with families sending daughters to the city for religious, cultural, and financial benefits.
- Dual City: Sippar was one of a pair of cities on the Euphrates, with its sister city Sippar-Amnanum located on the opposite bank.
- Biblical Sepharvaim: Sippar is suggested as the location of the biblical city of Sepharvaim mentioned in the Old Testament, a name that might allude to the city's dual nature.
Other Deities: Other deities also had temples in Sippar, including the goddess Nin-Isina, and the temple of the goddess Annunītu in the city's sister site, Sippar-Amnanum.
Babylonian Period: The city walls and the temple of Shamash were rebuilt and attended to by various Babylonian kings, including Sumu-la-El, Hammurabi, and Samsu-iluna, and later by Nabu-apla-iddina.
Elamite Sacking: The city was famously sacked by the Elamite king Kutir-Nahhunte in 1174 BC, an event that led to the recovery of the ancient image of the sun god during the rebuilding of the temple by Nabu-apla-iddina.
Archaeological Excavations: Archaeological work at the site (Tell Abu Habbah) began in the late 19th century and has uncovered thousands of cuneiform tablets, including fragments of the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Writing (23)
Sumerian king list:
What was the link between Sippar and its sister city Sippar-Amnanum located on the opposite bank?
Sippar and Sippar-Amnanum were linked as two parts of a dual city, divided by the Euphrates river, with Sippar on the east bank and Sippar-Amnanum on the west. This duality is reflected in the biblical name "Sepharvaim," and the two sites shared archives of cuneiform tablets, indicating they functioned as a single administrative or cultural entity despite their physical separation.
Key Aspects of the Link
Cultural Significance: The existence of a "dual city" is hinted at in the Hebrew Bible's name "Sepharvaim," a name that alludes to the city's two parts, further cementing their connection in history.
Sumerian king list:
What was the link between Sippar and its sister city Sippar-Amnanum located on the opposite bank?
Sippar and Sippar-Amnanum were linked as two parts of a dual city, divided by the Euphrates river, with Sippar on the east bank and Sippar-Amnanum on the west. This duality is reflected in the biblical name "Sepharvaim," and the two sites shared archives of cuneiform tablets, indicating they functioned as a single administrative or cultural entity despite their physical separation.
Key Aspects of the Link
- Geographical and Administrative: The two cities functioned together, with Sippar sometimes referred to as Sippar-Yahrurum to differentiate it from its western counterpart.
Cultural Significance: The existence of a "dual city" is hinted at in the Hebrew Bible's name "Sepharvaim," a name that alludes to the city's two parts, further cementing their connection in history.
Writing (24)
Sumerian king list:
Were Sippar and Sippar-Amnanum founded at the same time?
No, Sippar and Sippar-Amnanum were not founded at the same time; while Sippar was in use as early as the Uruk period (c. 4th millennium BCE) and substantial occupation occurred in the Early Dynastic period (3rd millennium BC), Sippar-Amnanum's occupation is documented from the Akkadian period, with significant development in the Old Babylonian period (2nd millennium BC) and earlier foundations from the Ur III period.
Sippar's Foundation and Early Use
Sumerian king list:
Were Sippar and Sippar-Amnanum founded at the same time?
No, Sippar and Sippar-Amnanum were not founded at the same time; while Sippar was in use as early as the Uruk period (c. 4th millennium BCE) and substantial occupation occurred in the Early Dynastic period (3rd millennium BC), Sippar-Amnanum's occupation is documented from the Akkadian period, with significant development in the Old Babylonian period (2nd millennium BC) and earlier foundations from the Ur III period.
Sippar's Foundation and Early Use
- Sippar was one of the oldest cities in Babylonia, with evidence of use dating back to the Uruk period.
- The city experienced substantial occupation during the Early Dynastic period (3rd millennium BC) and the Old Babylonian period (2nd millennium BC).
- Sippar-Amnanum was the sister city of Sippar, located on the opposite side of the Euphrates River.
- Though occupied from the Akkadian Period, its history prior to the Old Babylonian period is less understood.
- Excavations revealed foundations from the Ur III period, with significant occupation evident in the Old Babylonian period.
Writing (25)
Sumerian king list:
Were there different Sumerian "dual cities"?
There was at least one known Sumerian "dual city": Sippar, which was situated on the Euphrates River with its sister city, Sippar-Amnanum, located on the opposite bank. This arrangement where two cities existed together, often separated by a river or significant physical feature, is referred to as a dual-city situation.
Sumerian king list:
Were there different Sumerian "dual cities"?
There was at least one known Sumerian "dual city": Sippar, which was situated on the Euphrates River with its sister city, Sippar-Amnanum, located on the opposite bank. This arrangement where two cities existed together, often separated by a river or significant physical feature, is referred to as a dual-city situation.
- Sippar: This was the name of the city on the east side of the Euphrates River.
- Sippar-Amnanum: The sister city on the west side of the Euphrates.
Writing (26)
Sumerian king list:
Were there different "dual cities" in the first ancient civilizations?
Yes, early examples of "dual cities" existed in ancient civilizations, where two distinct centers were initially separate entities that later merged or remained distinct for administrative and social purposes, as seen with the Aztec cities of Tenochtitlán and Tlatelolco. Unlike modern dual cities, which are often a product of colonialization, these ancient examples represented the merging of once-separate settlements or divisions within a single city's structure, such as the Aztec practice of dividing the capital into wards for better governance.
Examples of ancient "dual cities"
Sumerian king list:
Were there different "dual cities" in the first ancient civilizations?
Yes, early examples of "dual cities" existed in ancient civilizations, where two distinct centers were initially separate entities that later merged or remained distinct for administrative and social purposes, as seen with the Aztec cities of Tenochtitlán and Tlatelolco. Unlike modern dual cities, which are often a product of colonialization, these ancient examples represented the merging of once-separate settlements or divisions within a single city's structure, such as the Aztec practice of dividing the capital into wards for better governance.
Examples of ancient "dual cities"
- Tenochtitlán and Tlatelolco: The Aztec capital was initially two distinct city-states, Tenochtitlán and Tlatelolco, which eventually merged into one, although they maintained separate administrative identities within the larger capital.
- Internal city divisions: Even after merging, cities could be further divided for administrative purposes. Tenochtitlán was divided into four major wards, or calpulli, which were further subdivided to manage the growing population and its complex tax base.
- Colonial origins vs. gradual formation: Many modern "dual cities" are a direct legacy of colonial history, where colonial powers created separate European and native urban centers. In contrast, ancient dual cities developed through conquest, merging, and internal administrative necessity within the existing structure of the civilization.
- Physical and social distinctiveness: While modern dual cities often remain physically and socially distinct due to their differing origins, ancient examples, while sometimes maintaining administrative divisions, were more likely to form a single, integrated urban entity over time.
Writing (27)
Sumerian king list:
The Sumerian cities of Sippar and its sister city, Sippar-Amnanum and the Aztec cities of Tenochtitlán and Tlatelolco are the only examples of "dual cities" in the first ancient civilizations?
No, Sippar/Sippar-Amnanum and Tenochtitlán/Tlatelolco are not the only "dual cities" in the ancient world, as other examples exist, such as Cairo and Fustat, and Westminster and the City. The Sumerian pairing of Sippar (Sippar-Yaḫrurum) and Sippar-Amnanum was a case of two distinct cities separated by the Euphrates River, while the Aztec cities of Tenochtitlán and Tlatelolco were initially founded as separate settlements by related groups before becoming linked as neighboring sister cities.
Sumerian Dual Cities
Sippar-Amnanum was sometimes considered a suburb of Sippar but is also recognized as a sister city, highlighting a dual urban center relationship.
The two cities were closely related but remained distinct entities for a time, sharing political and economic interests.
Sumerian king list:
The Sumerian cities of Sippar and its sister city, Sippar-Amnanum and the Aztec cities of Tenochtitlán and Tlatelolco are the only examples of "dual cities" in the first ancient civilizations?
No, Sippar/Sippar-Amnanum and Tenochtitlán/Tlatelolco are not the only "dual cities" in the ancient world, as other examples exist, such as Cairo and Fustat, and Westminster and the City. The Sumerian pairing of Sippar (Sippar-Yaḫrurum) and Sippar-Amnanum was a case of two distinct cities separated by the Euphrates River, while the Aztec cities of Tenochtitlán and Tlatelolco were initially founded as separate settlements by related groups before becoming linked as neighboring sister cities.
Sumerian Dual Cities
- Sippar (Sippar-Yaḫrurum): and Sippar-Amnanum were twin cities located on opposite banks of the Euphrates River.
- Tenochtitlán: and Tlatelolco developed into twin cities following the establishment of the latter by a nomadic Aztec tribe in 1338.
- Cairo and Fustat: An example of a dual city pairing, where Fustat served as a trading center, and Cairo became the seat of religious and political power.
- Westminster and the City: Another instance of a dual city, with one center representing political authority and the other commerce.
Sippar-Amnanum was sometimes considered a suburb of Sippar but is also recognized as a sister city, highlighting a dual urban center relationship.
The two cities were closely related but remained distinct entities for a time, sharing political and economic interests.
Writing (28)
Sumerian king list:
When were Cairo and Fustat founded?
Fustat was founded in 641 AD by Muslim conqueror 'Amr ibn al-'As, serving as Egypt's first Islamic capital. Cairo was established later, in 969 AD, by the Fatimid dynasty under general Jawhar, who founded it north of Fustat as a royal enclosure and eventually a political and economic center that superseded the older city.
Fustat
Founder: 'Amr ibn al-'As
Cairo
Founder: The Fatimid dynasty
Date: 641 AD
Purpose: Founded as a military garrison and the first Islamic capital of Egypt.
Significance: It was the earliest Arab settlement in Egypt and home to the first mosque built in the country, the Mosque of Amr ibn al-'As.
Date: 969 AD
Purpose: Founded by the Fatimid general Jawhar to serve as the new capital for the Fatimid Caliphate.
Significance: It grew to become the most important urban center, eventually incorporating Fustat and other earlier settlements into its larger urban fabric.
Sumerian king list:
When were Cairo and Fustat founded?
Fustat was founded in 641 AD by Muslim conqueror 'Amr ibn al-'As, serving as Egypt's first Islamic capital. Cairo was established later, in 969 AD, by the Fatimid dynasty under general Jawhar, who founded it north of Fustat as a royal enclosure and eventually a political and economic center that superseded the older city.
Fustat
Founder: 'Amr ibn al-'As
Cairo
Founder: The Fatimid dynasty
Date: 641 AD
Purpose: Founded as a military garrison and the first Islamic capital of Egypt.
Significance: It was the earliest Arab settlement in Egypt and home to the first mosque built in the country, the Mosque of Amr ibn al-'As.
Date: 969 AD
Purpose: Founded by the Fatimid general Jawhar to serve as the new capital for the Fatimid Caliphate.
Significance: It grew to become the most important urban center, eventually incorporating Fustat and other earlier settlements into its larger urban fabric.
Writing (29)
Sumerian king list:
When were Westminster and the City founded?
The City of London was founded by the Romans around AD 43, as "Londinium". The area that became Westminster has a longer, more complex history, with its origins traced to a Benedictine monastery founded in 960 AD, with the "City" of Westminster for local government purposes established much later in 1900 and declared a city in 1540.
The City of London
Formal incorporation: While important from Saxon times, the area was not formally incorporated as a borough for local government until 1900.
City status: The area was granted city status in 1540 when Westminster Abbey was elevated to a cathedral.
Sumerian king list:
When were Westminster and the City founded?
The City of London was founded by the Romans around AD 43, as "Londinium". The area that became Westminster has a longer, more complex history, with its origins traced to a Benedictine monastery founded in 960 AD, with the "City" of Westminster for local government purposes established much later in 1900 and declared a city in 1540.
The City of London
- Roman origins: The foundation of the City of London dates back to the Roman conquest of Britain around AD 43.
- Early settlement: The Roman settlement was called "Londinium" and served as a major commercial center and port.
- Monastic roots: The site of Westminster began with a Benedictine monastery, which was established in 960 AD.
- Current formation: The modern City of Westminster, a London borough, was created in 1965 by combining the Metropolitan Boroughs of Westminster, Paddington, and St. Marylebone.
Formal incorporation: While important from Saxon times, the area was not formally incorporated as a borough for local government until 1900.
City status: The area was granted city status in 1540 when Westminster Abbey was elevated to a cathedral.
Writing (30)
Sumerian king list:
Is the City of London a separate entity from London?
Yes, the City of London is a distinct, separate entity with its own government, police force, and Lord Mayor, despite being located within the much larger administrative region of Greater London. It is the ancient financial district and historical core from which the rest of the city developed, possessing unique historical privileges and a government that predates Parliament.
The City of London's Unique Status
Special Government: It has its own government, the City of London Corporation, with a Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and the Court of Common Council.
Independent Police: The City of London has its own independent police force.
Administrative Separation: It operates as its own local authority and has special status, separate from the 32 London boroughs that make up the rest of Greater London.
Strategic Guidance: The Greater London Authority (GLA) provides strategic direction for the entire region, including the City of London and the 32 boroughs.
Origin: The City of London Corporation's government predates the establishment of the Greater London Authority and many of the modern boroughs.
Sumerian king list:
Is the City of London a separate entity from London?
Yes, the City of London is a distinct, separate entity with its own government, police force, and Lord Mayor, despite being located within the much larger administrative region of Greater London. It is the ancient financial district and historical core from which the rest of the city developed, possessing unique historical privileges and a government that predates Parliament.
The City of London's Unique Status
- Historical Core: The City of London is the ancient settlement that grew into the modern metropolis of London.
- Location: The City of London is a distinct "Square Mile" located within the boundaries of Greater London.
Special Government: It has its own government, the City of London Corporation, with a Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and the Court of Common Council.
Independent Police: The City of London has its own independent police force.
Administrative Separation: It operates as its own local authority and has special status, separate from the 32 London boroughs that make up the rest of Greater London.
Strategic Guidance: The Greater London Authority (GLA) provides strategic direction for the entire region, including the City of London and the 32 boroughs.
Origin: The City of London Corporation's government predates the establishment of the Greater London Authority and many of the modern boroughs.
Writing (31)
Sumerian king list:
Do we know anything about the king of Sippar, Enmen-dur-ana, except from the Sumerian king list?
En-men-dur-ana. En-men-dur-ana (also En-men-dur-an-ki, Enmenduranki) of Zimbir (the city now known as Sippar) was an ancient Sumerian king, whose name appears in the Sumerian King List as the seventh pre-dynastic king of Sumer. He was also the topic of myth and legend, said to have reigned for around 21,000 years.
What does the name of the Sumerian king Enmen-dur-ana mean?
His name means "chief of the powers of Dur-an-ki", while "Dur-an-ki" in turn means "the meeting-place of heaven and earth" (literally "bond of above and below").
Sumerian king list:
Do we know anything about the king of Sippar, Enmen-dur-ana, except from the Sumerian king list?
En-men-dur-ana. En-men-dur-ana (also En-men-dur-an-ki, Enmenduranki) of Zimbir (the city now known as Sippar) was an ancient Sumerian king, whose name appears in the Sumerian King List as the seventh pre-dynastic king of Sumer. He was also the topic of myth and legend, said to have reigned for around 21,000 years.
What does the name of the Sumerian king Enmen-dur-ana mean?
His name means "chief of the powers of Dur-an-ki", while "Dur-an-ki" in turn means "the meeting-place of heaven and earth" (literally "bond of above and below").
Writing (33)
Sumerian king list:
What do we know about the Sumerian city of Šuruppak?
Šuruppak was an ancient Sumerian city in modern-day Iraq, significant as a center for grain storage and distribution, home to a significant flood event, and a key location in Sumerian mythology as the home of the legendary Ziusudra, the hero of the Sumerian flood narrative who corresponds to Noah in the Bible. Archaeological discoveries at the site, known as Tell Fara, have revealed well-built houses, evidence of a strong administrative system through cuneiform tablets, and a major flood deposit from around 3000 BCE.
Key Aspects of Šuruppak
Archaeology: Excavations uncovered well-built houses, cuneiform tablets with administrative and literary texts, and a prominent layer of flood deposit from the Jemdet Nasr period, around 3000 BCE.
Instructions of Šuruppak: The city is the namesake of the "Instructions of Šuruppak," a collection of ancient Sumerian proverbs and moral precepts attributed to a king of the city, providing a glimpse into Sumerian values and social norms.
Name: The Sumerian name for the city was Šuruppag, meaning "The Healing Place".
Sumerian king list:
What do we know about the Sumerian city of Šuruppak?
Šuruppak was an ancient Sumerian city in modern-day Iraq, significant as a center for grain storage and distribution, home to a significant flood event, and a key location in Sumerian mythology as the home of the legendary Ziusudra, the hero of the Sumerian flood narrative who corresponds to Noah in the Bible. Archaeological discoveries at the site, known as Tell Fara, have revealed well-built houses, evidence of a strong administrative system through cuneiform tablets, and a major flood deposit from around 3000 BCE.
Key Aspects of Šuruppak
- Location: Situated about 35 miles south of Nippur, on the banks of the Euphrates River.
- The Deluge: Šuruppak is famously featured in Sumerian legend as the home of Ziusudra, the hero who survived a great flood by building an ark, an event echoed in the biblical story of Noah.
- Early Habitation: The earliest excavated levels date to the late prehistoric period, with evidence of a river flood occurring at the end of the Uruk period.
- Peak Period: The city reached its largest extent during the Early Dynastic III period (c. 2600–2350 BCE), when it covered about 100 hectares.
- Abandonment: Šuruppak was largely abandoned shortly after 2000 BCE.
Archaeology: Excavations uncovered well-built houses, cuneiform tablets with administrative and literary texts, and a prominent layer of flood deposit from the Jemdet Nasr period, around 3000 BCE.
Instructions of Šuruppak: The city is the namesake of the "Instructions of Šuruppak," a collection of ancient Sumerian proverbs and moral precepts attributed to a king of the city, providing a glimpse into Sumerian values and social norms.
Name: The Sumerian name for the city was Šuruppag, meaning "The Healing Place".
Writing (34)
Sumerian king list:
Do we know anything about the king of Šuruppak, Ubara-Tutu, except from the Sumerian king list?
Yes, Ubara-Tutu is mentioned outside the Sumerian King List in ancient Mesopotamian literature, most notably as the father of the flood hero Ziusudra in the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Instructions of Shuruppak. He is also identified in the latter text as a wise king providing guidance before the great flood.
In the Epic of Gilgamesh
Sumerian king list:
Do we know anything about the king of Šuruppak, Ubara-Tutu, except from the Sumerian king list?
Yes, Ubara-Tutu is mentioned outside the Sumerian King List in ancient Mesopotamian literature, most notably as the father of the flood hero Ziusudra in the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Instructions of Shuruppak. He is also identified in the latter text as a wise king providing guidance before the great flood.
In the Epic of Gilgamesh
- The hero Utnapishtim (the name used in the Epic for the flood hero Ziusudra) refers to himself as "O man of Shuruppak, son of Ubara-Tutu".
- This work of wisdom literature provides a collection of advice and teachings meant to be passed down through the generations.
- In this text, Ubara-Tutu is portrayed as the wise father of the legendary hero Ziusudra (or Shuruppak), who gives his son the final words of wisdom before the flood.
- These references to Ubara-Tutu in these widely known texts highlight his mythical status as the final ruler of the prediluvian (before the flood) city of Šuruppak and the father of the survivor of the great flood.
Writing (35)
Sumerian king list:
What does the name of the Sumerian king Ubara-Tutu?
The name "Ubara-Tutu" is the name of a mythical Sumerian king from the city of Shuruppak and is not a descriptive word with a known translation; it is simply his name as found in the Sumerian King List and mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh as the father of the flood hero Utnapishtim. He is described as the last king before a great flood swept over the land.
Key points about Ubara-Tutu:
Father of a Hero: In the Epic of Gilgamesh, he is identified as the father of Utnapishtim, the man who built a boat to survive the flood.
Thematic Connection: His story parallels the biblical narrative of Noah, with Ubara-Tutu being the father of a flood survivor.
Sumerian king list:
What does the name of the Sumerian king Ubara-Tutu?
The name "Ubara-Tutu" is the name of a mythical Sumerian king from the city of Shuruppak and is not a descriptive word with a known translation; it is simply his name as found in the Sumerian King List and mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh as the father of the flood hero Utnapishtim. He is described as the last king before a great flood swept over the land.
Key points about Ubara-Tutu:
- Mythical King: Ubara-Tutu is one of the figures on the Sumerian King List, a text that blends history and myth.
Father of a Hero: In the Epic of Gilgamesh, he is identified as the father of Utnapishtim, the man who built a boat to survive the flood.
Thematic Connection: His story parallels the biblical narrative of Noah, with Ubara-Tutu being the father of a flood survivor.
Writing (36)
Sumerian king list:
Five cities; eight kings ruled for 385,200sic years.
Then the Flood swept over.
- Only five cities before the flood!
- only eight kings before the flood!
- These kings are said to have reigned for thousands of years!
- We are told about the kingship descending from heaven!
- Some angels rebelled against Yah.weh and decided to go down to the earth to become gods and use humans as slaves!
- They decided to lose their special relationship they had with Yah.weh for a long time!
- They used their free will to go and live on the earth!
- They knew it meant losing their eternal life!
- They brought violence to the earth!
- They knew Yah.weh wouldn’t tolerate such a situation forever!
- They also accelerated the process by giving technologies to humans!
- It was like a powerful venom which would tenfold violence and wickedness!
- Yah.weh could destroy mankind but this venom would survive like an indestructible virus!
- Adam and Eve didn’t wait so long!
- And they didn’t live for long!
- Different nature but same rebellion!
- But there was a big difference: there were many angels and only a minority rebelled!
- In the case of humans, there was just a couple and their decision affected all their descendants!
- But humans never understand the lesson because the majority keeps rebelling!
- And it will repeat again after the 1,000 years!
- Thus there is no comparison between angels and humans!
- On the one hand, only a minority of rebels, on the other hand, a big majority!
- And in the whole story, we get Yah.weh’s patience!
- But it is only for humans, not for angels because angels are perfect as Adam and Eve were perfect!
- But the majority doesn’t care!
- They prefer rebellion to eternal life just like the angels who rebelled!
- It is a question of value!
- What do we value more?
- They have turned life into a piece of nothing!
- It seems really strange or stupid!
- But it is a choice!
- Remember 1,000 years and this virus will destroy mankind again!
- It is difficult to imagine the earth free of this poison!
Sumerian king list:
Five cities; eight kings ruled for 385,200sic years.
Then the Flood swept over.
- Only five cities before the flood!
- only eight kings before the flood!
- These kings are said to have reigned for thousands of years!
- We are told about the kingship descending from heaven!
- Some angels rebelled against Yah.weh and decided to go down to the earth to become gods and use humans as slaves!
- They decided to lose their special relationship they had with Yah.weh for a long time!
- They used their free will to go and live on the earth!
- They knew it meant losing their eternal life!
- They brought violence to the earth!
- They knew Yah.weh wouldn’t tolerate such a situation forever!
- They also accelerated the process by giving technologies to humans!
- It was like a powerful venom which would tenfold violence and wickedness!
- Yah.weh could destroy mankind but this venom would survive like an indestructible virus!
- Adam and Eve didn’t wait so long!
- And they didn’t live for long!
- Different nature but same rebellion!
- But there was a big difference: there were many angels and only a minority rebelled!
- In the case of humans, there was just a couple and their decision affected all their descendants!
- But humans never understand the lesson because the majority keeps rebelling!
- And it will repeat again after the 1,000 years!
- Thus there is no comparison between angels and humans!
- On the one hand, only a minority of rebels, on the other hand, a big majority!
- And in the whole story, we get Yah.weh’s patience!
- But it is only for humans, not for angels because angels are perfect as Adam and Eve were perfect!
- But the majority doesn’t care!
- They prefer rebellion to eternal life just like the angels who rebelled!
- It is a question of value!
- What do we value more?
- They have turned life into a piece of nothing!
- It seems really strange or stupid!
- But it is a choice!
- Remember 1,000 years and this virus will destroy mankind again!
- It is difficult to imagine the earth free of this poison!
Writing (37)
Sumerian king list:
After the Flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from heaven, the kingship was in Kiš.
In Kiš, Gišur became king; he ruled for 1,200 years.
Kullassina-bêl ruled for 900 years.
Nan-GIŠ-lišma ruled for 1,200 years.
En-dara-ana ruled for 420 years, 3 months, and 3½ days.
Babum ruled for 300 years.
Pu'annum ruled for 840 years.
Kalibum ruled for 900 years.
Kalumum ruled for 840 years.
Zuqaqip ruled for 900 years.
Atab ruled for 600 years.
Mašda, son of Atab, ruled for 840 years.
Arwi'um, son of Mašda, ruled for 720 years.
Etana, the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and put all countries in order, became king; he ruled for 1,500 years.
Balih, son of Etana, ruled for 400 years.
Enme-nuna ruled for 660 years.
Melem-Kiš, son of Enme-nuna, ruled for 900 years.
Barsal-nuna, son of Enme-nuna, ruled for 1,200 years.
Samug, son of Barsal-nuna, ruled for 140 years.
Tizkar, son of Samug, ruled for 305 years.
Ilku'u ruled for 900 years.
Ilta-sadum ruled for 1200 years.
Enmen-baragesi, who destroyed Elam's weapons, became king; he ruled for 900 years.
Agga, son of Enmen-baragesi, ruled for 625 years.
Twenty-three kings ruled for 23,310 years, 3 months, and 3 1/2 days.
Sumerian king list:
After the Flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from heaven, the kingship was in Kiš.
In Kiš, Gišur became king; he ruled for 1,200 years.
Kullassina-bêl ruled for 900 years.
Nan-GIŠ-lišma ruled for 1,200 years.
En-dara-ana ruled for 420 years, 3 months, and 3½ days.
Babum ruled for 300 years.
Pu'annum ruled for 840 years.
Kalibum ruled for 900 years.
Kalumum ruled for 840 years.
Zuqaqip ruled for 900 years.
Atab ruled for 600 years.
Mašda, son of Atab, ruled for 840 years.
Arwi'um, son of Mašda, ruled for 720 years.
Etana, the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and put all countries in order, became king; he ruled for 1,500 years.
Balih, son of Etana, ruled for 400 years.
Enme-nuna ruled for 660 years.
Melem-Kiš, son of Enme-nuna, ruled for 900 years.
Barsal-nuna, son of Enme-nuna, ruled for 1,200 years.
Samug, son of Barsal-nuna, ruled for 140 years.
Tizkar, son of Samug, ruled for 305 years.
Ilku'u ruled for 900 years.
Ilta-sadum ruled for 1200 years.
Enmen-baragesi, who destroyed Elam's weapons, became king; he ruled for 900 years.
Agga, son of Enmen-baragesi, ruled for 625 years.
Twenty-three kings ruled for 23,310 years, 3 months, and 3 1/2 days.
Writing (38)
Sumerian king list:
What do we know about the Sumerian city of Kiš?
Kish was an ancient Mesopotamian city considered by the Sumerians to be the first capital to receive kingship after the great flood, holding significant prestige and symbolic importance. It was a major urban center and dominant regional power in the northern part of the alluvium during the Early Dynastic period (3rd millennium BCE), with the title "King of Kish" granting authority over the entire northern plain. Archaeological evidence, including a royal palace and evidence of early urbanization, confirms Kish's importance as one of the world's earliest cities, though its archaeological site was abandoned by the 7th century AD.
Historical Significance
Early Urbanization: Kish was one of the earliest cities and urban environments in the world, with evidence of its existence dating back to at least 3200 B.C. and continuing to the 7th century AD.
Joint Expeditions: Major joint archaeological expeditions, including those by The Field Museum and the University of Oxford in the early 20th century, explored the site's many mounds, unearthing significant evidence of its ancient urbanization and prominence.
Key Discoveries: The excavations uncovered a royal palace, evidence of the city's patron deity Zababa, and the E-hursag-kalama temple, which was dedicated to the goddess Ishtar during the Early Dynastic period.
Sumerian king list:
What do we know about the Sumerian city of Kiš?
Kish was an ancient Mesopotamian city considered by the Sumerians to be the first capital to receive kingship after the great flood, holding significant prestige and symbolic importance. It was a major urban center and dominant regional power in the northern part of the alluvium during the Early Dynastic period (3rd millennium BCE), with the title "King of Kish" granting authority over the entire northern plain. Archaeological evidence, including a royal palace and evidence of early urbanization, confirms Kish's importance as one of the world's earliest cities, though its archaeological site was abandoned by the 7th century AD.
Historical Significance
- First Post-Flood Dynasty: According to the Sumerian King List, Kish was the first city to receive kingship from heaven after the great flood, giving it unparalleled symbolic significance in Sumerian culture.
- Location and Site: Kish is located in south-central Iraq, about 80 kilometers south of Baghdad, near the modern tell (mound) of Tell al-Uhaymir.
- Patron Deities: The city's patron deities changed over time. During the Early Dynastic period, it was Ishtar and her consort Ea, while in the Old Babylonian period, the warrior god Zababa and his consort the goddess Bau became the primary deities.
- Semitic Population: Kish had a Semitic population from its earliest times, a fact discernible from the names of its early dynastic kings listed in the Sumerian King List.
Early Urbanization: Kish was one of the earliest cities and urban environments in the world, with evidence of its existence dating back to at least 3200 B.C. and continuing to the 7th century AD.
Joint Expeditions: Major joint archaeological expeditions, including those by The Field Museum and the University of Oxford in the early 20th century, explored the site's many mounds, unearthing significant evidence of its ancient urbanization and prominence.
Key Discoveries: The excavations uncovered a royal palace, evidence of the city's patron deity Zababa, and the E-hursag-kalama temple, which was dedicated to the goddess Ishtar during the Early Dynastic period.
Writing (39)
Sumerian king list:
- Before the flood, the kings are said to have reigned for thousands of years!
- After the flood, the kings are said to have reigned for hundreds of years!
- But in all cases, there aren’t any explanations to explain the differences and why it is so!
- In two cases, we are told about years and months and days!
- It isn’t serious!
Sumerian king list:
- Before the flood, the kings are said to have reigned for thousands of years!
- After the flood, the kings are said to have reigned for hundreds of years!
- But in all cases, there aren’t any explanations to explain the differences and why it is so!
- In two cases, we are told about years and months and days!
- It isn’t serious!