Matthew 1

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Sumerian king list:


Meaning of the Sumerian word Gilgameš

The Sumerian name Gilgameš, also known as Bilgames, is generally translated as "the (kinsman) is a hero" or sometimes "the forebearer is a hero". The original Sumerian form of the name was Bilgames, with "Bil" referring to a type of familial relation or "offshoot," and "games" meaning "hero".

Here's a breakdown of the meaning:

  • Origin: The name evolved from the Sumerian form Bilgames to the later Akkadian form Gilgamesh, which is the modern name.
Component Meaning:

  • Bilga: This Sumerian word can mean "fruit" or "offshoot," referring to something that is fertile or a direct descendant. It can also refer to familial relations.

Mes: This component means "hero" or a designation of a type of tree.

Overall Translation: Therefore, the combined meaning is often interpreted as "the (kinsman) is a hero," signifying a heroic or outstanding figure within their family or lineage.
 
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Meaning of the Sumerian word Ur-Nungal


Ur-nungal, son of Gilgamesh, is written 𒌨𒀭𒉣𒃲 in cuneiform. Nungal is a set phrase meaning “the great gods, the major Sumerian pantheon members” in Sumerian, and is preceded by the deity classifier 𒀭, which appears in the middle of his name; Ur-nungal therefore means “servant (ur) of the great gods”.
 
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Sumerian king list:


1 Meaning of the Sumerian word Udul-kalama

Udul-kalama (died c. 2605 BC) was the seventh Sumerian ruler in the First Dynasty of Uruk, according to the Sumerian King List. He may have been a son of Ur-Nungal and grandson of Gilgamesh. However, unlike his predecessors, he left no other known documents or relics mentioning his name, and he may have been one of several minor kings of Uruk added to the list, who reigned when hegemony was actually held by the first dynasty of Ur.

2 Ur-Nungal was once a child and man that acted very much the same way his father did before his journey for immortality. Upon loving and losing the love of his life. Ur-Nungal changed into a man that was very much like his father as a child. Tolerant, Wise, Fair and Moral. He became a king who put his kingdom and his people ahead of himself. He loved the people and showered them with many riches.

3 Generous and Kind to those he viewed as good. He assisted his people however he could, bestowing happiness upon all. As a lawmaker who built from his father's first law of Judgement being left to Man. Ur-Nungal made a code of laws that all others follow after which he strictly adheres to unless they prove to be unfair and cruel to the people. He had improved his kingdom even further from the work his father had made. Achieving absolute order and peace with the happiness of the people. Upon criminals and evil he becomes a different man. Harsh, Relentless and Taunting. He had personally sought out murderers, rapists, thieves and other cold hearted people that made the lives of others hell. He served the role of both Judge and Executioner.

4 Unlike his father he had no quarrel with dirtying his hands to dish out justice and retribution. Though harsh he is fair. Never issuing a punishment that is far more or far less than required. It is evil and corrupt people that face the overwhelming, staggering arrogance and pompousness akin to his father. The only ones that Ur-Nungal will relentlessly taunt, insult, preferably using the word mongrel. Though he does not underestimate his opponents and will snuff out any chance of a mongrel getting the upper hand over him. To those that seek salvation for their sins and crimes. He is the kind and great king that achieved a utopia. Willing to guide the attoned on a path of righteousness and light for a better life. He views the gods as guides and guardians of the world to assist humanity but like his father no longer the rulers of humanity as that is now left for humans to take.

5 As it was when his father or even so far back as the first King of Sumer, this decree was made. He does show pride outside of hunting down the guilty. He is proud of his family heritage and will not hesitate to shout his identity and bloodline if he so chooses. Punishing anyone who shows disrespect. He holds his father in high regards, though their philosophies on kingship differ, he praises him as being the greatest king and hero. He wonders if he had made his father proud.

Backstory

6 Born to Gilgamesh and Arammu, a daughter of Dumuzid, The Shepard. Ur-Nungal was born at the time of his father's rule after his journey for immortality. Born in an era of peace and prosperity. No treasure or joy was kept from the child, experiencing all the world had to offer at a relatively young age. The child's personality was identical to that of the tyrant king that ruled before his journey. Only tamed by his father's wisdom and his mother's compassion. When the time came of his father's passing with his mother passing a few years before.

7 Ur-Nungal ruled very much like the immature Hero King of old did to the dismay of the people. Indulging himself in every joy available from wine, festivities, food, women and all. It all changed when he met a young woman named Aya who acted as a servant of the palace. She was different from all the rest, the King had laid with.

8 Defiant, passionate and strong that complimented the compassion and beauty that laid within her. At their meeting the servant girl had stood up before the King, scolding him for mistreating his subjects, even with threats of execution did the woman not silence herself. It was unlike anything he had ever seen and he was captivated by her. The King apologized to the surprise of all, calling for everyone but her to leave the throne room to which he allowed the servant to explain how he had mistreated his subjects. She did more, she showed. Disguising the King as a commoner they went across the kingdom with Aya asking any citizen possible their opinions of the King. Many scared to say, the few brave ones let loose their thoughts. Though the King still keeps a glorious city, his harsh treatment burdens and pains his subjects. Granted a new perspective on the life of his people.

9 The next day, Ur-Nungal made Aya a personal handmaiden of the King and a secret advisor. Both teaching each other on their sides of life and drawing a close relationship with one another. Aya at their first day of meeting saw the kindness and strength within the King that was barred by a sense of entitlement and selfishness. Over time the King grew into the tolerant, fair, wise and kind ruler the people adored and worshiped. Ur-Nungal and Aya held a deep love for each other. They were inseparable. At the Euphrates river before the stars, Ur-Nungal proposed to Aya and the next day announced to the kingdom of Uruk his new queen. The King granted his wife an elixir of longevity. The King and Queen bore a son, ruling for 10 years together before tragedy struck.

10 The Queen had been found dead in their bedchambers, a decorated knife stabbed through her heart. The King was furious. He declared martial law allowing no one to leave or enter the city until the murderer was found. He personally searched the whole city until he found the man. Vengeance consuming him he mercilessly beat the man to a bloody mess until he stopped to catch his breath. Now hearing the pleas of the murderer. Guilt, Confusion and Sorrow all came from his voice to the confusion of the King. The King questioned the man to which he only replied that he did not know what happened, he came across a beautiful maiden who gave him a mesmerizing stare, everything went black and when he awakened he found himself in a position of having stabbed the Queen.
 
11 The King was in a conflict. He had searched for vengeance for months and wanted to claim it. In his mind raced words from both his late mother and wife of compassion and forgiveness. Having found no lie in the man's words, relented, realizing that cold blooded murder is not what his wife would desire. He took the man to his palace, having his servants nurse him to health before releasing him into the village. Lifting martial law and announcing to the public that the murderer had been slain to give closure.

12 The next 10 years he spent raising his son, Udul-kalama, with the help of the court. He created a code of laws that molded his city into one of absolute order to crush a high crime wave that swept the city. He had enforced his laws personally. Hunting down any criminals that harmed the lives of others. Having even broken into a home to stop a murder in progress and dragged him all across Uruk for all to see before being executed by the King's hands. All to honor the memory of his late queen so no one else may suffer his pain. The last 10 years of the King's rule was spent battling against a surge of barbarians and neighboring cities trying to conquer Uruk.

13 At the start of the defense, the 10 years of law enforcement the King had done earned the favor of his ancestor. Utu, The Sun God. Who granted Ur-Nungal his armory to defend his city and continue his lifelong quest of bringing justice. For 10 years he decimated any that dare take the city with his armies. Proving himself a capable leader and warrior. Upon his final year his armies marched far beyond Uruk into the cedar forest to eliminate one final stronghold of the barbarians. They stood before a monument statue of Gilgamesh, built to commemorate his victory over the beast, Humbaba.

14 It was there they encountered a royal maiden who leaned against the statue to the confusion of all. The maiden then struck the statue and made it fall to the ground. The maiden revealed herself to be Ishtar and then showed her trap. There was no stronghold to be found. There is only war and death. Death of the Queen, death of those who died defending the city, death to the King and his army. What the framed man had said all those years ago was true. The maiden was Ishtar. When asked why cause all this suffering and pain. The reply was to exterminate the line that denied her and the gods. If she could not have her chosen love neither will anyone of his line. Humanity shall not go on living free from the gods.

15 With that fact she manipulated the enemies of Uruk that the kingdom is weak, dying and ripe for the taking. The mad goddess unleashed a whole horde of divine beasts that slaughtered the army of the King despite his best efforts. The King with his armory slew the beasts that killed his men then utilized all of his power to battle the goddess and defeat her. The battle left the King in critical condition and the goddess exhausted much of her power. When the goddess attempted to flee, the King let loose his chains to bind the goddess and with all his life force. Bound the goddess to the fallen statue of his father for eternity. An ironic punishment. The King drew his last breaths before bearing witness to the spirits of his family and wife smiling at him. Taking their hands they guided him off to the afterlife where in the forest the body of the King stood on his knees dead.

16 Uruk was saved and Its people avenged. The army of the city had found his body, 3 days later and took him back to the city where all the kingdom mourned his death. Soon after the Kingdom of Uruk will have Its new king. Udul-Kulama. The son of the man who ruled his kingdom with kindness and love. Who enforced justice and truth. Granted salvation to those seeking better lives. A man who served as an inspiration and a figure of greatness. He had avenged his kingdom and his family. He died at peace as the King of all Judges, A Great King of Uruk and the first Hero of Justice.

Epilogue

17 The Fate of Ishtar. Ishtar pleaded across the skies, her loud cries being heard from even the heavens for freedom. To silence her, Utu emerged a day before the King was taken to Uruk for burial. Explaining that the strife she has caused has pushed the line many times but her propaganda and war mongering has caused much destruction throughout Sumer. Angering the gods. As punishment, Ishtar would be bound to this statue for as long as Anu saw fit. Utu had bound his armory to the spirit of Ur-Nungal. Assuring no one else will reap his power. So his tools faded along with the spirit of the fallen King as it passed on to the afterlife all but the chain. Leaving Ishtar in despair. The goddess would be imprisoned for 500 years had she not been released to help resolve a calamity threatening the land of the living. Where she would redeem not only her crimes against humanity but to the very family that she had scorned. The bloodline of her beloved brother. Thus with her release, the chain disappears and returns to its master.
 
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Sumerian king list:


Meaning of the Sumerian word Udul-kalama

Udul-kalama (died c. 2605 BC) was the seventh Sumerian ruler in the First Dynasty of Uruk, according to the Sumerian King List. He may have been a son of Ur-Nungal and grandson of Gilgamesh. However, unlike his predecessors, he left no other known documents or relics mentioning his name, and he may have been one of several minor kings of Uruk added to the list, who reigned when hegemony was actually held by the first dynasty of Ur.

Udul-kalama's name is written 𒌋𒊨𒌦𒈠 in cuneiform. The kalama 𒌦𒈠 element is easy, meaning "of the land" or "in the land". However, I don't know of this combination of signs for udul having a separate meaning - udul, written with other signs like 𒀖𒆪 or 𒌑𒁺, usually means "chief herdsman". I wouldn't be surprised if it means "chief herdsman of the land", just with an odd selection of cuneiform signs.
 
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Meaning of the Sumerian word La-bašer

Meaning of the Sumerian word Ennun-dara-ana

- There is no translation!

- Probably because he is supposed to have reigned for a few years!
 
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Meaning of the Sumerian word Mešhe

The term "Mešhe" is not a recognized word in the Sumerian language. It may be a misinterpretation of similar-sounding words like mesh (meaning cross or joining) or mes (meaning hero), or it could be confused with the Arabic word shemagh (a head covering) which some sources claim has a possible Sumerian origin.

  • Possible confusion with mesh : The word mesh (or similar variations) is believed by some to be an ancient Sumerian word for "cross," the joining of vertical and horizontal lines, with a connection to the English words "enmeshed" and "mish-mash," according to this Facebook post.
Possible confusion with mes : This is an alternative form of the Sumerian word for "hero," notes Wiktionary.

Possible confusion with shemagh : Some sources suggest the Arabic shemagh (a head covering) comes from the Sumerian Ash Mach, meaning "head cover" or "cover of the glorified/noble man," with some believing the pattern on it mimicked fishing nets or waves, and noting that the word is not known by Arabs but is an ancient Sumerian term, according to this Facebook post.
 
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Meaning of the Sumerian word Melem-ana

Melem-Ana of Unug (died c. 2546 BC) was the 11th lugal of the First Dynasty of Uruk. He ruled in Mesopotamia in what is now Iraq. Little is known about Melem-ana.

The Sumerian King List places him after Mesh-he and he would have ruled for 6 years. It is believed he died around the year 2546 BC. Whether Lugal-kitun succeeded him, however, is not completely established.
 
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Meaning of the Sumerian word Lugal-ki-GIN

The Sumerian name "Lugal-ki-GIN" is likely a misspelling of Lugal-kinishe-dudu, a king of Uruk and Ur from around the 25th century BC. The name can be broken down as Lugal ("king" or "big man"), ki ("place" or "earth"), and GIN (likely representing "kiginne" or "kinishe", meaning "of the people" or "of the community"). Therefore, the name could be interpreted as "king of the people of the land" or "king of the land".

Breakdown of the name

  • Lugal: This Sumerian word translates to "king" or "big man".
Meaning

  • The full name, Lugal-kinishe-dudu, likely means "king of the people" or "king of the community".
Historical context

  • Lugal-kinishe-dudu: was a historical figure who reigned as king of Uruk and Ur around the 25th century BC.
  • He appears in the Sumerian King List, which credits him with a 120-year reign.
ki: This word means "place," "earth," or "land".

GIN (likely "kiginne" or "kinishe"): This part is believed to mean "of the people" or "of the community".

Other similar titles, like Lugal-kalam-ma, translate to "king of the land".
 
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Then Uruk was defeated and the kingship was taken to Ur.
In Ur, Mes-ane-pada became king; he ruled for 80 years.
Meš-ki'ag-Nuna, son of Mes-ane-pada, became king; he ruled for 36 year.
Elulu ruled for 25 years.
Balulu ruled for 36 years. (mss. L1+N1, P2+L2 have:)
Four kings ruled for 177 years.
 
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what do we know about the city of Ur

Ur was a major ancient Sumerian city-state in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), founded around 3800 BCE, known for its large size, prosperity, and the towering Ziggurat of Ur. It reached its peak during the Third Dynasty of Ur (circa 2112–2004 BCE) before declining, eventually being abandoned around 500 BCE, partly due to the Euphrates River changing course. The city is also recognized in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as the birthplace of the patriarch Abraham.

Key characteristics and history

  • Location and founding: Ur was a major city-state located in southern Mesopotamia, marked today by the ruins at Tell el-Muqayyar in southern Iraq. Its origins date back to approximately 3800 BCE.
Life in Ur

  • Cosmopolitan and busy: Ur was a major and cosmopolitan city, with thousands of residents, bustling streets lined with shops, and specialized workers.
Sumerian city: The city was a prominent center of Sumerian civilization and a wealthy, bureaucratic state during the 3rd millennium BCE.

Ziggurat of Ur: One of its most famous structures is the Ziggurat of Ur, a large temple complex built for the moon god Nanna. It was originally constructed in the 21st century BCE and later restored by Nabonidus in the 6th century BCE.

Peak of power: Ur reached its greatest power under the Third Dynasty (circa 2112–2004 BCE), a period of significant building projects, territorial expansion, and a resurgence of Sumerian culture and literature.

Decline: The city's decline was a gradual process. Factors contributing to its abandonment included invasions, shifting trade routes, and the Euphrates River gradually shifting course, which led to the city's water source drying up. By 500 BCE, it was largely uninhabited.

Rediscovery: The site was rediscovered in the 19th century and extensively excavated in the early 20th century by Sir Leonard Woolley.

Abraham: Ur is religiously significant as the supposed birthplace of Abraham, a figure central to monotheistic religions.

Social structure: A clear social hierarchy existed, with rulers, priests, and officials at the top, followed by merchants, artisans, and farmers, and slaves at the bottom.

Royal tombs: The discovery of elaborate Royal Tombs of Ur provided insights into the city's wealth, revealing luxury goods made from precious metals and stones, indicating extensive trade networks.

Burial practices: Most residents were buried under their homes, but some high-status individuals were buried in elaborate tombs, sometimes with sacrificial attendants.
 
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Meaning of the Sumerian word Mes-ane-pada


The Sumerian name Mes-ane-pada means "Young man chosen by An". It is derived from the components: mes ("young man"), an (the sky god An), and pada ("to find, chosen"). Mes-ane-pada was a prominent ruler and the first king of the First Dynasty of Ur.

  • Mes: "Young man" or "hero".
  • ane: Refers to the sky god An.
  • pada: Means "to find," "to choose," or "nominated".
 
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Meaning of the Sumerian word Meš-ki'ag-Nuna


The Sumerian name Meš-ki'ag-Nuna means "king of Ur" and refers to a historical king of the First Dynasty of Ur. The name is composed of "Meš-ki-aĝ," meaning "chosen by the gods," and "Nuna," which can be interpreted as "king of Ur" in this context. He was the son of Meš-Ane-pada, a king who ruled approximately between 2550 and 2490 BCE.

  • Meš-ki'ag-Nuna: The historical king of Ur from the First Dynasty of Ur.
Meš-ki'ag: This part of the name means "chosen by the gods".

Nuna: In this context, this is interpreted as "king of Ur".

Meš-ki'ag-Nuna's legacy: He is known for making the Tummal flourish and bringing the goddess Ninlil to the Tummal, according to the Tummal Chronicle.

Family: He was the son of King Meš-Ane-pada of Ur.

Wife: His wife, Gan-Saman, dedicated a bowl to him, stating, "For (the life of) Meski'agnun, king of Ur".
 
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Meaning of the Sumerian word Elulu


The word Elulu is not a typical Sumerian word with a common meaning, but refers to a historical figure: Elulu (𒂊𒇻𒇻) was the third king of the First Dynasty of Ur. The name is likely related to the Sumerian word lullu, which means "humanity" or "man".

  • As a name: Elulu is the name of a historical king of Ur, not a common noun.
As a potential root: The name may be a variation of the Sumerian word lullu or lu2-lu7, which means "humanity" or "mankind".


Confusingly similar name: Do not confuse this Sumerian king with the Akkadian ruler Ilulu, who was one of several rivals for the throne of Akkad after the death of Shar-Kali-Sharri.