An Analysis on the 144,000 in Revelation

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Feb 24, 2022
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I'm sorry but you seem to be all over the page here. My only point in explaining the parable of the sheep and the goats was to respond to the original post of why I felt the Church is also the 144,000 mentioned in Rev. 7.
I was defending the point I made in the OP, that only the 144,000 are the Bride, Church as the Great Multitude is the guest. The only caveat is that these 144,000 are not necessarily all ethnic Jews as most dispensationalists want you to believe.

And what does this have to do with the original post? We're only concerned with the identity of the Wise and Foolish virgins and the comparison with the 144,000 and the Great Multitude of Rev. 7.
And that's exactly what happened to the foolish virgins, they ran out of oil and when the Bridegroom (Jesus) came, the wise were ready and entered in. The Foolish were shut out.
"Unless one is born of water and THE SPIRIT, he cannot enter into the kingdom of heaven." (John 3:5). The five foolish virgins were not born of the Spirit, therefore they were shut out, end of the story. There's no comparison because they're neither a part of the 144,000 or the Great Multitude.

I'm sorry but I don't see how your get that from these two verses. Please elaborate.
The Bride is the "Woman of Apocalypse" in Rev. 12, standing on the moon, clothed in sun, with a diadem of twelve stars. That's commonly identified as the Nation of Israel, through whom Christ was brought forth. We the Church is her offsprings. That's the same Bride in Rev. 19:7-8. If you think that's the Church or Virgin Mary, that's your Kool Aid of false doctrine, I can't change your mind on that.
 

Nehemiah6

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Jul 18, 2017
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The Church (which is you and I) is the Bride of Christ Jesus. All those who are taken up in the Rapture.
The resistance to the Pre-Tribulation Rapture stems from the fact that most people do not even understand the reason for the Resurrection/Rapture.
 
Feb 24, 2022
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The Church (which is you and I) is the Bride of Christ Jesus. All those who are taken up in the Rapture.
We're the guests, not the Bride. Go read the two wedding parables (Matt. 22:1-14, 25:1-13) and Rev. 14:6 and 19:9. Calling the Church the bride is both entitlement mentality and replacement theology.
 

ewq1938

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Oct 18, 2018
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Not according to Scripture. The Resurrection/Rapture occurs long before the resurrection of the Tribulation saints.

No, the resurrection of the dead in Christ is a single event that happens at the second coming just before the rapture takes place.
 

oyster67

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May 24, 2014
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No, the resurrection of the dead in Christ is a single event that happens at the second coming just before the rapture takes place.
It is the same event: The Rapture.
The Rapture happens seven years before the Second Coming.
 
Feb 24, 2022
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The resistance to the Pre-Tribulation Rapture stems from the fact that most people do not even understand the reason for the Resurrection/Rapture.
Most people wanna cheat death, even though tax and death are the only certainties. Don't you think one has to die first - in order to be "resurrected"? Like our Lord Jesus?
 
Aug 2, 2021
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The resistance to the Pre-Tribulation Rapture stems from the fact that most people do not even understand the reason for the Resurrection/Rapture.
JESUS is the RESISTANCE = Revelation 20:4-7

Then I saw the thrones, and those seated on them had been given authority to judge. And I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for their testimony of Jesus and for the word of God, and those who had not worshiped the beast or its image, and had not received its mark on their foreheads or hands. And they came to life and reigned with Christ for a thousand years.

The rest of the dead did not come back to life until the thousand years were complete.
This is the first resurrection.
Blessed and holy are those who share in the first resurrection!
The second death has no power over them, but they will be priests of God and of Christ, and will reign with Him for a thousand years.
 
Jan 14, 2021
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The only reason I brought up "the middle man [/men]" is because, at least it SOUNDED to me as though, your viewpoint on Romans 9:6 was the same conclusion J.Piper also comes to (in his re-arranging of the negative to the second clause of the sentence), as to what this verse is conveying.







For the readers: (a quote also from the LINKED article I had provided in that post)...


[quoting from linked article]

Abraham, the Father of All Who Believe (Romans 4)

[MTBC] Abraham is the father of all who believe (Romans 4:11,16). He is the perfect person to fill this role because he was both a Gentile and a Jew. He put his faith in the Lord (Gen. 15:6) long before he was circumcised (Romans 4:10), and Gentiles need to believe God as he did. He was the father of the Jewish people (along with Isaac and Jacob) and the sign of circumcision began with him. The Jewish people need to believe God as he did and imitate father Abraham's faith. So Abraham is the father of all who believe, both Gentiles and Jews.

"[Paul] is not teaching that Gentiles become 'spiritual Jews.' Rather, those who follow the pattern of Abraham and exercise faith are the true children of Abraham. By calling all believers the sons of Abraham, he does not call all believers 'spiritual Jews.' Jewishness is not determined by Abraham alone, but by Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It is interesting that Gentile believers are never referred to as 'the sons of Jacob,' only as the sons of Abraham. So by calling Gentile believers the sons of Abraham, Paul does not mean they are spiritual Jews, but rather they follow Abraham's pattern in that they go on the basis of faith, not on the basis of works. Those who are the sons of Abraham are not spiritual Jews, but simply followers of Abraham's pattern, because that is what the phrase 'sons of' generally means in Hebrew; that is, 'a follower of.' Spiritual Jews are Jews who happen to believe and exercise faith. Gentiles who believe and exercise faith are spiritual Gentiles and are the spiritual seed of Abraham, but that does not make them spiritual Jews"

[Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, Faith Alone--The Condition of Our Salvation--An Exposition of the Book of Galatians and Other Relevant Topics].


[MTBC] Believing Jews are actually imitating Abraham's great act of faith performed when he was a Gentile (Genesis 15:6).

[end quoting from linked article in my Post #432; bold and underline mine -- http://www.middletownbiblechurch.org/reformed/israelaf.htm ]


[TDW: ...that is,... before "Israel" was a thing ;)
Note the CHRONOLOGY of Romans 4
(as spelled out in the third sentence of the above article): KEY!]
Abraham wasn't a Jew.

The promise to Abraham is to his seed (singular). That seed is Christ. Those that are one with Christ are one with that inheritance of the promise. I don't think you disagree with that.

The point of talking about "Not all of Israel are Israel" isn't just to point out that the inheritance went down the line of one son, it is also to highlight the fact that the promise is not intended for every descendant. And in fact, the promise was for a singular seed.

"Not as though the word of God hath taken none effect. For they are not all Israel, which are of Israel:" - Romans 9:6 KJV

"Esaias also crieth concerning Israel, Though the number of the children of Israel be as the sand of the sea, a remnant shall be saved:" - Romans 9:27 KJV

"And so all Israel shall be saved[...]" - Romans 11:26a KJV

"That is, They which are the children of the flesh, these are not the children of God: but the children of the promise are counted for the seed." - Romans 9:8 KJV

"Now to Abraham and his seed were the promises made. He saith not, And to seeds, as of many; but as of one, And to thy seed, which is Christ." - Galatians 3:16 KJV

"[...] till the seed should come to whom the promise was made [...]" - Galatians 3:19b KJV

"And if ye be Christ's, then are ye Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the promise." - Galatians 3:29 KJV

"Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me." - John 14:6 KJV

There is no second seed. There is no promise outside of Christ. There is no fleshly promise, only a spiritual promise. How do you propose that "promise to seed" means anything outside of Rom 9 and Gal 3? The children of Israel are not the same thing as Israel (cf. Rom 9:27, Rom 11:26). Jesus is Israel and the church is the body of Christ. To deny that is either to deny that Jesus is Israel or to deny that those in Christ are one with Christ. Therefore, if those in Christ are Israel through Christ, why assume that there is any Israel that exists outside of Christ?

100% on board with the idea that there will be more Sauls that turn into Pauls, and you could speculate that many Sauls turn into Pauls at the same time, but bloodline is not a guarantee. Only a remnant of the bloodline will be saved. One must become Christian (be in Christ) in order to be saved.
 

ewq1938

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It is the same event: The Rapture.
The Rapture happens seven years before the Second Coming.

No, it happens at the second coming, after the Great Tribulation is over.
 

oyster67

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Don't be a fuddy duddy, have a sense of humor. Angels can fly because they take themselve LIGHTLY.
Yupper, you really pinned the tail on my donkey that time, buddy-o! :D Fuddy Duddy is my middle initial.
 
Aug 2, 2021
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QUESTION - Where did he say that, David? Try writing like a brother and resist writing like a legal clerk.

Make your own case and stop telling others what case they have made unless they say it.

I see that you are easily encouraged and less easily corrected. You stand on a scale wherein all is weighted to favour your own teaching by which confidence you lay down the Word of God and stand back innocently anticipating that no matter how your precept in innocent asking is perceived - you will still weigh the scale in favour of your doctrine. Doctrine is worthless unless it is a matter of life.

I have been careful with my words to you and so you eventually show love for what I write - until I write what I can also see with my own eyes. Spare me your method. It is no more effectual on this man than coffee is a worthwhile drink to an Englishman.
Post #353
Okay, bare with me. Lets compare the 144,000 and the Great Multitude with the wise and foolish virgins in Matthew 25. There are two groups shown in Matthew chapter 25:1-13, similar to the two groups of Christians depicted in Revelation chapter 7.

There are some very familiar symbols in the Matthew description, which makes it easier to interpret who is being described and provide a good starting place to consider these two groups of Christians. First we have ten virgins with lamps in Matthew. The use of virgins as a symbol (2 Cor. 11:2) corresponds to those who’ve dedicated their life to Jesus the bridegroom (Revelation 19:7), and the number ten signifies that these virgins represent the sum total of all of the virgins. However, the virgins are divided into two groups – wise virgins and foolish virgins.

All the virgins have lamps representing the word of God (Psalm 119:105, 2 Peter 1:19) and all of them are awakened by the announcement of the bridegroom’s presence outside the door (cf. Revelation 3:20). However, the foolish virgins have brought insufficient oil with them for their lamps. The oil is the Holy Spirit (Isaiah 6:1-3, 2 Cor. 1:21-22) and evidently the foolish virgins lack the same spirit of commitment as the wise virgins.

Matthew places this parable in the same context with signs (Matthew chapter 24) and with other parables (Matthew chapter 25) of Christ’s return. That is the sense of this parable, also, for all of the virgins are waiting for the bridegroom to return.

The foolish virgins experience difficulties when the bridegroom arrives at the house at the stroke of midnight (cf. Song of Solomon 5:2-7). Their lamps are sputtering from a lack of oil, which suggests they are having difficulty understanding everything happening at the time. They go to get more oil in the marketplace (the parallel in Revelation seven would be the great multitude going out into the great tribulation). While they are gone the bridegroom takes the wise virgins to the wedding feast and the door is closed to the foolish virgins.

Note that throughout the parable they never cease to be virgins. They are genuinely loyal to Christ, but seem to lack the same degree or spirit (oil) of zeal and commitment that the wise virgins manifest, and they are shut out from going in to the wedding. So this parable suggests something different from the traditional view of the church… the understanding that all Christians are members of the bride of Christ. In the case of the parable of the wise and foolish virgins, there are two “classes” of Christians… and not all of them are part of the bride and the wedding.

So how do we account for these foolish virgins? Is the entire explanation for the existence of this group based solely on this parable? Consider some other examples from the scriptures –

• In Psalm 45 we have also a description of a wedding feast for the king’s daughter. In verse 14 we read “she will be led to the king in embroidered work; the virgins her companions who follow her shall be brought to you.” The Psalm is rich with metaphor, and if the bride is the wise virgins of the parable in Matthew, then who do the “virgins her companions who follow her” represent if not the foolish virgins?
• In 1 Corinthians 3:14 and 15 we have an example of two individuals that build on the foundation of Jesus Christ (verse 11). One of these individuals builds with quality materials and the other builds with inferior materials. The one who builds with quality materials receives a reward. The one who builds with inferior materials has their work destroyed, but they are still saved… although through the fire of trials (1 Peter 4:12).

These passages bear a striking similarity to the parable of the wise and foolish virgins in Matthew chapter 25 and the great multitude in Revelation chapter seven – in Psalm 45 we have the bride and then her virgin companions who are not the bride. In 1 Corinthians chapter 3 we have those who are rewarded as opposed to those who seem to be barely saved from destruction (1 Cor. 3:17).

Let’s compare what we’ve just considered with Revelation chapter seven and see if we can draw similar conclusions on this subject. In Revelation chapter 7, the 144,000 are described as selected from the twelve tribes of Israel. Throughout the book of Revelation, the Israel described within its pages does not seem to represent the literal nation of Israel, but rather spiritual Israel or the church (cf. Romans 2:28-29, 9:6-8, Galatians 6:16, Philippians 3:3, 135 Colossians 2:11, Revelation 2:9). As in other places throughout Revelation, it makes much more sense to interpret the tribes in chapter seven as spiritual Israel.

As in Matthew chapter 25, there are two groups of people described in the chapter. In Revelation chapter seven they are described as the 144,000 (7:1-8) and the great multitude (7:9-17), and these two groups are readily distinguished from each other. In one instance the group has a specific number (the 144,000), and this is contrasted with the great multitude that is a group “which no man could number.” The first group is sealed before the winds of trouble are loosed (verses 1-3) and the other group experiences “great tribulation” (verse 14).

In addition we have descriptions of the bride of Christ from elsewhere that differ significantly from the description of the great multitude in chapter seven. For example the bride of Christ is everywhere described as seated on thrones and reigning (Revelation 3:21, 20:4), while in this chapter the great multitude are described as ”before the throne” yet worshipping in God’s temple (verse 15). The bride of Christ is described as those “who have not soiled their garments; and they will walk with me in white, for they are worthy” (Revelation 3:4). In contrast the great multitude is described as those whose robes were soiled and they “have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb” (verse 14).

The book of Revelation is not the only place where we have an example of those who need to have their robes washed. In the book of Jude we have a description of those who have not been completely faithful and who needed special repentance and cleansing. The book of Jude (verses 22-23) speaks of various examples of those who are straying in some way from the love of God (verse 21). It specifically makes mention of having mercy on those whose “garment [is] polluted [or “spotted”] by the flesh.”

This idea of cleansing from the actions of the flesh is elsewhere depicted in 1 Corinthians 5:5. Here we have the description of the unrepentant man whom the church had not confronted. Paul speaks of “the destruction of his flesh that his spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord Jesus.” Paul is dealing with a specific individual rather than discussing a representative group in this instance, and he does not judge this man’s ultimate destiny. However, the verse does convey the idea of repentance and forgiveness and cleansing from the flesh as the outcome of suffering (tribulation).

Of course, our description of the great multitude could be criticized in our so[1]called enlightened age for not being properly egalitarian. Yet the scriptures do not shy away from the concept of reward (2 John 1:8) or even differing rewards. For an example, take some to read and ponder the parable of the pounds in Luke 19:11-27.
 
Jan 14, 2021
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No offense, but could you share some scriptures? Thanks!
Mat 25 has a strong parallel with Mat 7 which explicitly shows being cast into the fire in a manner that is consistent with the Lake of Fire and inconsistent with the trial by fire. Mat 25 also has two parables that both talk about the same thing (the kingdom of heaven). We could interpret these to apply to the same aspect of the same thing, or different aspects of the same thing. If they are addressing the same aspect with two different sets of metaphors, the "wailing and gnashing of teeth" also applies to the 10 virgins, which is consistent with the Mat 7 parallel.

"Then shall the kingdom of heaven be likened unto ten virgins, which took their lamps, and went forth to meet the bridegroom. [...] Afterward came also the other virgins, saying, Lord, Lord, open to us. But he answered and said, Verily I say unto you, I know you not." - Mat 25:1&11-12 KJV

"Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. Wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them. Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven. Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy name done many wonderful works? And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity." - Mat 7:19-23 KJV

If you have a different approach to this, I'm interested to hear it.
 
Feb 24, 2022
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Post #353
Okay, bare with me. Lets compare the 144,000 and the Great Multitude with the wise and foolish virgins in Matthew 25. There are two groups shown in Matthew chapter 25:1-13, similar to the two groups of Christians depicted in Revelation chapter 7.

There are some very familiar symbols in the Matthew description, which makes it easier to interpret who is being described and provide a good starting place to consider these two groups of Christians. First we have ten virgins with lamps in Matthew. The use of virgins as a symbol (2 Cor. 11:2) corresponds to those who’ve dedicated their life to Jesus the bridegroom (Revelation 19:7), and the number ten signifies that these virgins represent the sum total of all of the virgins. However, the virgins are divided into two groups – wise virgins and foolish virgins.

All the virgins have lamps representing the word of God (Psalm 119:105, 2 Peter 1:19) and all of them are awakened by the announcement of the bridegroom’s presence outside the door (cf. Revelation 3:20). However, the foolish virgins have brought insufficient oil with them for their lamps. The oil is the Holy Spirit (Isaiah 6:1-3, 2 Cor. 1:21-22) and evidently the foolish virgins lack the same spirit of commitment as the wise virgins.

Matthew places this parable in the same context with signs (Matthew chapter 24) and with other parables (Matthew chapter 25) of Christ’s return. That is the sense of this parable, also, for all of the virgins are waiting for the bridegroom to return.

The foolish virgins experience difficulties when the bridegroom arrives at the house at the stroke of midnight (cf. Song of Solomon 5:2-7). Their lamps are sputtering from a lack of oil, which suggests they are having difficulty understanding everything happening at the time. They go to get more oil in the marketplace (the parallel in Revelation seven would be the great multitude going out into the great tribulation). While they are gone the bridegroom takes the wise virgins to the wedding feast and the door is closed to the foolish virgins.

Note that throughout the parable they never cease to be virgins. They are genuinely loyal to Christ, but seem to lack the same degree or spirit (oil) of zeal and commitment that the wise virgins manifest, and they are shut out from going in to the wedding. So this parable suggests something different from the traditional view of the church… the understanding that all Christians are members of the bride of Christ. In the case of the parable of the wise and foolish virgins, there are two “classes” of Christians… and not all of them are part of the bride and the wedding.

So how do we account for these foolish virgins? Is the entire explanation for the existence of this group based solely on this parable? Consider some other examples from the scriptures –

• In Psalm 45 we have also a description of a wedding feast for the king’s daughter. In verse 14 we read “she will be led to the king in embroidered work; the virgins her companions who follow her shall be brought to you.” The Psalm is rich with metaphor, and if the bride is the wise virgins of the parable in Matthew, then who do the “virgins her companions who follow her” represent if not the foolish virgins?
• In 1 Corinthians 3:14 and 15 we have an example of two individuals that build on the foundation of Jesus Christ (verse 11). One of these individuals builds with quality materials and the other builds with inferior materials. The one who builds with quality materials receives a reward. The one who builds with inferior materials has their work destroyed, but they are still saved… although through the fire of trials (1 Peter 4:12).

These passages bear a striking similarity to the parable of the wise and foolish virgins in Matthew chapter 25 and the great multitude in Revelation chapter seven – in Psalm 45 we have the bride and then her virgin companions who are not the bride. In 1 Corinthians chapter 3 we have those who are rewarded as opposed to those who seem to be barely saved from destruction (1 Cor. 3:17).

Let’s compare what we’ve just considered with Revelation chapter seven and see if we can draw similar conclusions on this subject. In Revelation chapter 7, the 144,000 are described as selected from the twelve tribes of Israel. Throughout the book of Revelation, the Israel described within its pages does not seem to represent the literal nation of Israel, but rather spiritual Israel or the church (cf. Romans 2:28-29, 9:6-8, Galatians 6:16, Philippians 3:3, 135 Colossians 2:11, Revelation 2:9). As in other places throughout Revelation, it makes much more sense to interpret the tribes in chapter seven as spiritual Israel.

As in Matthew chapter 25, there are two groups of people described in the chapter. In Revelation chapter seven they are described as the 144,000 (7:1-8) and the great multitude (7:9-17), and these two groups are readily distinguished from each other. In one instance the group has a specific number (the 144,000), and this is contrasted with the great multitude that is a group “which no man could number.” The first group is sealed before the winds of trouble are loosed (verses 1-3) and the other group experiences “great tribulation” (verse 14).

In addition we have descriptions of the bride of Christ from elsewhere that differ significantly from the description of the great multitude in chapter seven. For example the bride of Christ is everywhere described as seated on thrones and reigning (Revelation 3:21, 20:4), while in this chapter the great multitude are described as ”before the throne” yet worshipping in God’s temple (verse 15). The bride of Christ is described as those “who have not soiled their garments; and they will walk with me in white, for they are worthy” (Revelation 3:4). In contrast the great multitude is described as those whose robes were soiled and they “have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb” (verse 14).

The book of Revelation is not the only place where we have an example of those who need to have their robes washed. In the book of Jude we have a description of those who have not been completely faithful and who needed special repentance and cleansing. The book of Jude (verses 22-23) speaks of various examples of those who are straying in some way from the love of God (verse 21). It specifically makes mention of having mercy on those whose “garment [is] polluted [or “spotted”] by the flesh.”

This idea of cleansing from the actions of the flesh is elsewhere depicted in 1 Corinthians 5:5. Here we have the description of the unrepentant man whom the church had not confronted. Paul speaks of “the destruction of his flesh that his spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord Jesus.” Paul is dealing with a specific individual rather than discussing a representative group in this instance, and he does not judge this man’s ultimate destiny. However, the verse does convey the idea of repentance and forgiveness and cleansing from the flesh as the outcome of suffering (tribulation).

Of course, our description of the great multitude could be criticized in our so[1]called enlightened age for not being properly egalitarian. Yet the scriptures do not shy away from the concept of reward (2 John 1:8) or even differing rewards. For an example, take some to read and ponder the parable of the pounds in Luke 19:11-27.
That post sets a false narrative in the first two sentences by equating the five wise and five foolish virgins with the 144,000 and the Great Multitude. Everything else is fruit of the poisonous tree.
 
Mar 4, 2020
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I’m sorry I really don’t see it as 2 categories....I only see one group.. the group that rules and reigns with Christ
4 ...they lived and reigned with Christ a thousand years. 5But the rest of the dead lived not again until the thousand years were finished. This is the first resurrection.

I underlined it; most people miss this. There are those who lived and reigned with Christ then there are the rest of the dead.
 

RR

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Mar 13, 2022
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I was defending the point I made in the OP, that only the 144,000 are the Bride, Church as the Great Multitude is the guest. The only caveat is that these 144,000 are not necessarily all ethnic Jews as most dispensationalists want you to believe.
Oh, well then we agree on that! That wouldn't have been the case had the nation not rejected Jesus. As the Scriptures say "To the Jew first" and "He went to his own and his own received him not".

"Unless one is born of water and THE SPIRIT, he cannot enter into the kingdom of heaven." (John 3:5). The five foolish virgins were not born of the Spirit, therefore they were shut out, end of the story. There's no comparison because they're neither a part of the 144,000 or the Great Multitude.
Remember, they were BOTH virgins, they both had oil (holy spirit) except they let it run out. They didn't keep alert and let that light shine, and so it went out, and as a result they missed out on what they had initially been waiting for, the Bridegroom.

The Bride is the "Woman of Apocalypse" in Rev. 12, standing on the moon, clothed in sun, with a diadem of twelve stars. That's commonly identified as the Nation of Israel, through whom Christ was brought forth. We the Church is her offsprings. That's the same Bride in Rev. 19:7-8. If you think that's the Church or Virgin Mary, that's your Kool Aid of false doctrine, I can't change your mind on that.
Okay, let's consider this woman clothed with the sun and with the moon under her feet and with a crown of twelve stars on her head:

  • A virtuous woman represents the faithful church (2 Cor. 11:2, Revelation 19:7-9) contrasted with a faithless woman representing false religion (Rev. 17:1-6, 18:2-4).
  • Light in general represents truth and knowledge (Ephesians 1:17-18, 2 Cor. 4:4-6). • The sun represents the gospel (compare Psalm 19:4-6 to Romans 10:17-18).
  • Stars represent teachers (Daniel 12:3, cf. Jude 13).
  • The moon is never directly identified in scripture, but given that the sun represents the gospel and the moon is a reflection of sunlight, it seems reasonable that we are expected to identify the moon with the teachings of the Old Testament (cf. Hebrews 10:1).
Putting all this together, we have a picture of the early Christian church clothed with the gospel of Jesus, supported additionally by the lessons of the Old Testament, and crowned with the teachings of the twelve apostles.
 
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