i need help with this math problem

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kenisyes

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That's not a problem. It's a disaster. Maybe even heretical. If you got less (2+2=3), I would think you were doing your end of the year accounting, and the tax man got the rest.
 

iamsoandso

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and i notice i said "E" instead of "eta" again,,i know it should be "eta,H",,but i keep making the same mistake.i do not type good(i use two fingers)most times i proof read before i post but at times i do not (and i get caught),,,,the reason i keep saying "Latin" is this,it seems like the translations of a.h. were probbaly in Greek,,but then translated to Latin then to English. why i think this is at times in the text it is translated "jesus" instead of using his name in greek. but the structure if wording is explaining his name (first two initials) iota,eta which is Greek,not latin j,e. and again when we were looking at chapter one book one they used "aeons"latin, instead of "aieons"/greek,,,,although if then they had finished the third language translation to English which is the copy we have it should be "eons". remember a few months back there was a thread "jesus or yoshua",,,? now from all of the books we are looking at they(hippolitus,barnabas,irenaeus) are breaking down the first two letters of his name,,,but they all used "Greek",,,,"Iesous" So then i notice barnabas states "iota,eta and he says his initals",,,then "t",,represents the cross. and uses a scripture from gen. to support it. so barnabas knew christ and shows his name was given(in greek) when Abraham circumcised "318,I,H,T",so in Hebrew his name would not have had the initials i,h,nor would it have been 10+8=18,,,,so this should prove he(Christ) did not go by the Hebrew name,but instead the Greek "Ihsous" .
 
K

kenisyes

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I had assumed that was where "Latin" came from, but when you mentioned again, I thought you had found a mention in another place, and that made me suspect there was more to it, so I asked.

I doubt Jesus ever went by the Greek version of His name in His life. First, was the epistle of Barnabas written by Barnabas? I doubt it. It was very common back then to write a book with someone else's name on it, to give it more authority, like "this is what Barnabas would say if he were writing this." They actually say that even about some of Shakespeare's plays and Bach's organ preludes. Jesus' name in Hebrew is Yeshua, yod (10) shin (300) vav(6) ayin (70). That obviously won't give you 18, no matter what you do with it. To get the 18, so you can get 18+12=30, you must translate the name to Greek, making certain vowel choices. Barnabas would have known better. That's part of why Iranaeus is complaining about the whole affair.
 

iamsoandso

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I had assumed that was where "Latin" came from, but when you mentioned again, I thought you had found a mention in another place, and that made me suspect there was more to it, so I asked.

I doubt Jesus ever went by the Greek version of His name in His life. First, was the epistle of Barnabas written by Barnabas? I doubt it. It was very common back then to write a book with someone else's name on it, to give it more authority, like "this is what Barnabas would say if he were writing this." They actually say that even about some of Shakespeare's plays and Bach's organ preludes. Jesus' name in Hebrew is Yeshua, yod (10) shin (300) vav(6) ayin (70). That obviously won't give you 18, no matter what you do with it. To get the 18, so you can get 18+12=30, you must translate the name to Greek, making certain vowel choices. Barnabas would have known better. That's part of why Iranaeus is complaining about the whole affair.
yes thats my thinking also, in Hebrew it wont work out,only in Greek. so for barnabas to reach all the way back to the place in gen. where Abraham circumcised "318" was then "shin,alef,hei?" expressed in Hebrew. although the rest of barnabas seems to be in agreement with Irnaeus. now though as we have already researched from ch.1,book 1 against heretics from irenaeus he states "you changed the iota and eta,because it is the first two letters of his name",,so he(irenaeus) himself refers to the usage of the name "Ihsous" as the origin of "iota an eta". that is he said the phrase,,,"his name",and then said if you reduce it by 50 you come to "another name",,,then when he gives the example of "tieten",,in book 5 he states "in the first syllable,is I,E",,,,so it clarifies in his way of thinking "I,H",,belonged in the name of Christ,,,but "I,E",,belonged in the first syllable of the man of sins' name.(made me wonder why he changed dipthong/vowels),,,why does he think it's I,E instead of I,h?,,,see he clearly pointed this out. but as to barnabas,even paul stated "as if letters by me",,,so it is,in their day common practice to forge letters. i compared hippolitus,irenaeus,barnabas to each other to see how they explained "beast,7 heads,10 horns,mark of the beast,Babylon ect."they all seem to agree as to who,when they rise,ect. as for the "mark of the beast",all three state the holy spirit did not announce it and all 3 tell us to wait for the 10 horns to rise,then the little horn,ect.so barnabas,,,,hmmmm,what if he is the apostle?
 
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iamsoandso

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and see i almost said "shin alef tav",,,,but i didnt trust myself,,,how to say it?
 
K

kenisyes

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Exactly. Iraneaus offers Teitan as one possibility to get 666. That's why he adds the e. In Greek tau=300, epsilon=5, iota=10, tau=300, alpha=1, nu=50, total=666. It's a different way to spell Titan, but he acts like it's an old spelling, and he says some people have tried it this way to explain the 666.

Yes, Barnabus is probably one of the books Iranaeus had in mind when he was talking about how the heretics think.

The 8 in Hebrew is called Chet (hard Ch, like in "Christ")

I do not believe anyone who started under Paul's ministry would write garbage like 318 circumcized and IH and T for the cross. Paul was a trained rabbi. He probably knew there are many wonderful Hebrew things to say about 318, like it is the number of the word Yachash, to unite or to join to a family, which is what Abraham does to all those men when he circumcizes them. Barnabas was a Levite when he started, so he would have known better too.

I learned as a young person, that we all need to wait for the Beast, etc. to show themselves, and then we will remember the prophecies and recognize him when it is time.
 
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kenisyes

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and see i almost said "shin alef tav",,,,but i didnt trust myself,,,how to say it?
Tav is the Th of Hebrew. It has numerical value 400. It look like Cheth, a hard "Ch" sound with numerical value of 8. The difference is tav has a little hook on the lower left corner.
 

iamsoandso

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to inquire into that more accurately, he will find it recorded in the books of the Maccabees. 50. But now we shall speak of what is before us. For such measures will he, too, devise, seeking to afflict the saints in every way. For the prophet and apostle says: Here is wisdom, Let him that has understanding count the number of the beast; for it is the number of a man, and his number is six hundred threescore and six. With respect to his name, it is not in our power to explain it exactly, as the blessed John understood it and was instructed about it, but only to give a conjectural account of it; for when he appears, the blessed one will show us what we seek to know. Yet as far as our doubtful apprehension of the matter goes, we may speak. Many names indeed we find, the letters of which are the equivalent of this number: such as, for instance, the word Titan, an ancient and notable name; or Evanthas, for it too makes up the same number; and many others which might be found. But, as we have already said, the wound of the first beast was healed, and he (the second beast) was to make the image speak, that is to say, he should be powerful; and it is manifest to all that those who at present still hold the power are Latins. If, then, we take the name as the name of a single man, it becomes Latinus. Wherefore we ought neither to give it out as if this were certainly his name, nor again ignore the fact that he may not be otherwise designated. But having the mystery of God in our heart, we ought in fear to keep faithfully what has been told us by the blessed prophets, in order that when those things come to pass, we may be prepared for them, and not deceived. For when the times advance, he too, of whom these thing are said, will be manifested. this is hippolytus,the book the antichrist,,,,,written to theophilus,,hippolytus is younger than irenaeus it seems and he seems to quote him,,,,,,evanthus,latinos,titan,,,,,,,,but a different spelling "Titan"
 

iamsoandso

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Tav is the Th of Hebrew. It has numerical value 400. It look like Cheth, a hard "Ch" sound with numerical value of 8. The difference is tav has a little hook on the lower left corner.
so 318 is alef shin cheth?
 
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kenisyes

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so 318 is alef shin cheth?
318 is yod (10) -shin (300) -cheth (8). Alef=1, but yod=10. I have a Hebrew gematria dictionary I look these kind of things up in. If I look up 318, it gives me whatever combinations the author was able to find. this was the one that I thought made the best point for our purposes.
 

iamsoandso

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The particular form of the Hebrew verb רוּק rûwq (Strong's #7324) used for "armed/led forth/called out" depending on your translation actually means to "cause to pour out" and can even be used of unsheathing a weapons such as a sword which is effectively what Abraham was doing. Some of the modern translations, as does the ancient Samaritan Pentateuch, assume a Hebrew typo and replace ר "r" with ד "d" making it the verb "to muster". Curiously, the Greek Old Testament version, the Septuagint, actually has a verb meaning "to number", arithmeô (from which we get arithmetic), here which may support the idea of "mustering". This "numbering", in turn, may have given later commentators the hint that the number itself held significance.
As the Hebrew alphabet has no numbers they are represented by full words or by the individual letters themselves standing for numbers; letters 1-9 represent the numerals, letters 10-18 the tens, and letters 19-22 cover the first four hundreds. It has gone unnoticed that Abraham's chief servant, Eliezer, and described as his sole heir in Genesis 15:2, has a Hebrew name that adds up to 318 = ע 1 + ל 30 + י 10 + א 70 + ז 7 + ר 200.
Because of the use of the word "dedicated" above to indicate in-house training, though not necessarily military and more likely domestic, later Jewish commentators in the Talmud wrote:

"R. Abbahu said in R. Eleazar's name: Why was our Father Abraham punished and his children doomed to Egyptian servitude for two hundred and ten years? Because he pressed scholars into his service, as it is written, 'he armed his dedicated servants born in his own house'. … Rab said, he equipped them by [teaching them] the Torah. … R. Ammi b. Abba said: Eliezer outweighed them all. Others say, It was Eliezer, for this is the numerical value of his name." (Talmud, Nedarim 32a)​
This indicates early knowledge of the numerical equivalent with Eliezer and the idea that "dedicated" could mean "discipled" in Jewish belief as even some Christian commentators such as Calvin and Gill thought.
In the early church, in the late first and second centuries, some writers made use of 318 (made up of 300+10+8, rather than as in Eliezer's name) to signify Jesus on the cross. In Greek, which can also use the numerical=alphabetical system as it too is without numerals, Tau=300 and is equivalent to the Hebrew letter, Tau, both of which represent a cross in the shape of a capital 'T', which is closer to the shape of a crucifixion cross than a modern crucifix. The 18 comes from Eta plus Iota, which stood in the Greek alphabet order where ח cheth and י yodh stand in the Hebrew, thus they stood for 8 and 10 respectively, making the 18. Now, IH, in Greek is Iota-Eta, the first two letters of Jesus' name ΙΣΟΥΣ, iêsous, just as God's name, YHVH, could be represented by its shorter version YH (Yah). So the Epistle of Barnabas, written between 70-135 A.D. says:

For [the Scripture] saith, "And Abraham circumcised ten, and eight, and three hundred men of his household." What, then, was the knowledge given to him in this? Learn the eighteen first, and then the three hundred. The ten and the eight are thus denoted - Ten by I, and Eight by H. You have [the initials of the, name of] Jesus. And because the cross was to express the grace [of our redemption] by the letter T, he says also, "Three Hundred." He signifies, therefore, Jesus by two letters, and the cross by one. (Epistle of Barnabas 9.8)​
Writing later in the 3rd century, Clement of Alexandria in his Stromata, "Miscellanies", on 'The Mystical Meanings In The Proportions Of Numbers, Geometrical Ratios, And Music' says:

As then in astronomy we have Abraham as an instance, so also in arithmetic we have the same Abraham. For, hearing that Lot was taken captive, and having numbered his own servants, born in his house, 318, he defeats a very great number of the enemy. They say, then, that the character representing 300 is, as to shape, the type of the Lord's sign, and that the Iota and the Eta indicate the Saviour's name; that it was indicated, accordingly, that Abraham's domestics were in salvation, who having fled to the Sign and the Name became lords of the captives, and of the very many unbelieving nations that followed them. (Clement, Stromata, Book 6, Chapter 11)​
So Christian numerological interpretation is just as fanciful as some Jewish numerical word plays. Certainly, we can give full marks for ingenuity and there is no harm done in the meaning given. Nonetheless, it is more probably in a book like Genesis of history not prophecy that historical accuracy rather than symbolism is intended and what is being portrayed is Abraham's wealth and status in being able to raise 318 fighting men.
 

iamsoandso

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post 193,,there is something curious i see,,,barnabas said the "circumcision" was different when he stated this. but this is the number of soldiers Abraham took with him to rescue lot.,,,318. Clement of Alexandria also quoted this,,,marginal at best i agree.,,,just seems to lead to the "iota and eta"...
 
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kenisyes

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Good summary. Once clarification. It makes no difference in the final total but aleph=1 and ayin=70. You have them switched.

The correct conclusion, by the way, is that first 10, then 8, then 300, spells yachash in Hebrew, referring to Strong's 3187-3188, to enroll in a family.
 

iamsoandso

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Good summary. Once clarification. It makes no difference in the final total but aleph=1 and ayin=70. You have them switched.

The correct conclusion, by the way, is that first 10, then 8, then 300, spells yachash in Hebrew, referring to Strong's 3187-3188, to enroll in a family.
In post 193,,this i copy and pasted from the www. I searched for "318 ioa eta" ect. to see what came up. i suppose the danger of the "copy and paste" technique is the same error being multiplied. i knew that there were different formulas some have tried in calculating 666, some relating that i was to be calculated with Hebrew numbers/letters now i notice from viewing all of the different www pages where we find this that they all make the same common mistake,that is they do not begin at gen.15;2 and remain with the correct spelling. in gen. 15;2 it is spelled "Eliezer",,but then for the number puzzle they then change it to "Eleazar".
Now i notice something about this reasoning that makes it so curious to me(i need to rule it out in my mind) that is so far we have found the issue of "iota,eta" in,
(1) a.h.ch.1 book1 valentinus changing it in the fragment "papyrus 115"
(2)Irenaeus pointing it out across all 5 of his books "against heretics"
(3)hippolytus refers to it,and give his opinion
(4)the articles on the www quote different rabbis as their source
(5)barnabas give it a completely different approach(circumcision instead of the number of skilled soldiers)
(6) ive not yet stated is clement of alexandrias,reasoning of it in stromata,book 6 ch.11,,but speaks of this cube formed by eta in several places. but again using the reasoning of 318 soldiers in stead of circumcision as Barnabas stated.
so it then being the source of thought of the fragment "fragment 115" that is the ages of all i have pointed out "barnabas is the oldest",,,,then valentinus and hyppolitus,,,,,,,then the others that is irenaeus (younger) and clement (younger),,were stating things about iota and eta that the men before then had done. so barnabas,a levite,who then did frequent among the rabbis,may have been taught this by them(oral tradition)?remember irenaeus stated that valentinus taught by theodotus(a disciple of paul) stated paul orally taught them "secrets" in private.And paul, barnabas, mark ect. traveled and taught together up until he(paul) and barnabas argued over mark and then went their separate ways. now before this took place in acts barnabas and paul went to Jerusalem to the other apostles and as we know from acts "discussed that it was not necessary for the gentiles to be circumcised",in the flesh because it was spiritual. then they discussing the dream of peter"rise eat much flesh",,,now so paul and barnabas,both learned men among the levites/rabbis had heard the issue of the circumcision by oral tradition. so back to Barnabas,he was showing (something) he learned about these scriptures containing "318" and the subject of the chapter in barnabas letter is "circumcision is given to Christians,not carnally to the Jew" which is the very thing Paul states in his many letters.
So then we can trace the oragin of "318,iota eta",,,from
(1) the rabbis
(2) paul and barnabas,,,but they were speaking of it spiritually,and it being misunderstood Paul states "they left out from us to show they were not of us"
(3) those(theodus) and others who followed paul set out to teach the things they thought they understood and "the teaching of valentinus and others was born"
now in the letter of barnabas i notice he states the city is already destroyed,,,when quoting from scripture. so at the time he wrote this book it is destroyed " so after july ad70" ch. 16 epistle of barnabas. so some where between the story in gen,i.e.318,,,christ statement "jot or tittle,iota eta",,,the rabbis,,,but before july a.d.70 is where we they "valentinus",,asumed his resoning to change it.,,,,,,,,,,but hmmm,now i have a 1000 more questions.
 
K

kenisyes

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Your statement is quite correct. It was very common for rabbis (which Paul was) to "teach secrets". This phrase means that they discussed things that were hypothetical. I would not doubt that Paul noted that 318 could do just that with his students. We would call it a discussion, not "secrets". It is not "wisdom we express among the spiritually mature". It's having fun. It was never intended to be teaching. It is not a teaching, it does not build the Body. it does not add to our knowledge of Jesus. Only an immature student would take it and start teaching it.
 

iamsoandso

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Your statement is quite correct. It was very common for rabbis (which Paul was) to "teach secrets". This phrase means that they discussed things that were hypothetical. I would not doubt that Paul noted that 318 could do just that with his students. We would call it a discussion, not "secrets". It is not "wisdom we express among the spiritually mature". It's having fun. It was never intended to be teaching. It is not a teaching, it does not build the Body. it does not add to our knowledge of Jesus. Only an immature student would take it and start teaching it.
yes i agree,,,they for one reason thought to apply it in the fragment 115,,,i think it was not correct,but that we will not understand the true mark unless we "put ourselves" in their shoes.,,,,,,here is what i notice,,irenaeus points out(to the gnostics) "you changed I,h",,then says they would come to an incorrect name.,,,then at the end of book 5 give the example "Teitan"(but states he does not supply it as the name),,so as if we are working with algebra to solve the "unknown",,,so the only thing they are doing similar to each other in calculating the name is that they are "working with vowels" That is if in the autograph if this was written "six hundred sixty,six",,then we have all the vowels and consonants supplied.so they in these letters would be saying "you already have the vowels dont change them",,but see one thinks "ih" the other 'IE",,so they all are approaching this as if it is written nomina sacra "666" and then working with this they are all proceeding to pull from things in the scriptures to find the correct vowels with 666 to form the name. now paul died some where between ad 65-68 and so the date of writing rev. of christ come to play early 65'ish or the late after ad70. it seems paul was in custody by the early date or was already dead by the time of the Revelation. but either way ''what he may or may not have said in his inner circle" would be before rev.,,,,the just of what i am saying is that i notice every one of these men are working with math,,,but they are looking for a common answer,"they are calculating the vowels to apply to an abbreviated name" the same as with all of the words or names they were afraid to say out loud. and it seems possable "someone told them the answer is already written in the bible" i.e. 600 because Noah was 600,,60 cubits tall,six cubits wide,,,and then their all looking at the story surrounding 318. im not advocating 318 as the "solution",,but it seems someone directed them all to that "general area to look for the vowels",,some where in that story.
 

iamsoandso

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Chapter 11. The Mystical Meanings in the Proportions of Numbers, Geometrical Ratios, and Music

As then in astronomy we have Abraham as an instance, so also in arithmetic we have the same Abraham. For, hearing that Lot was taken captive, and having numbered his own servants, born in his house, 318 (τιὴ ), he defeats a very great number of the enemy.
They say, then, that the character representing 300 is, as to shape, the type of the Lord's sign, and that the Iota and the Eta indicate the Saviour's name; that it was indicated, accordingly, that Abraham's domestics were in salvation, who having fled to the Sign and the Name became lords of the captives, and of the very many unbelieving nations that followed them.
Now the number 300 is, 3 by 100. Ten is allowed to be the perfect number. And 8 is the first cube, which is equality in all the dimensions— length, breadth, depth. The days of men shall be, it is said, 120 (ρκ And the moon at 15 days is full.
On another principle, 120 is a triangular number, and consists of the equality of the number 64, [which consists of eight of the odd numbers beginning with unity], the addition of which (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15) in succession generate squares; and of the inequality of the number 56, consisting of seven of the even numbers beginning with 2 (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14), which produce the numbers that are not squares
Again, according to another way of indicating, the number 120 consists of four numbers— of one triangle, 15; of another, a square, 25; of a third, a pentagon, 35; and of a fourth, a hexagon, 45. The 5 is taken according to the same ratio in each mode. For in triangular numbers, from the unity 5 comes 15; and in squares, 25; and of those in succession, proportionally. Now 25, which is the number 5 from unity, is said to be the symbol of the Levitical tribe. And the number 35 depends also on the arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic scale of doubles— 6, 8, 9, 12; the addition of which makes 35. In these days, the Jews say that seven months' children are formed. And the number 45 depends on the scale of triples— 6, 9, 12, 18— the addition of which makes 45; and similarly, in these days they say that nine months' children are formed.
Such, then, is the style of the example in arithmetic. And let the testimony of geometry be the tabernacle that was constructed, and the ark that was fashioned—constructed in most regular proportions, and through divine ideas, by the gift of understanding, which leads us from things of sense to intellectual objects, or rather from these to holy things, and to the holy of holies. For the squares of wood indicate that the square form, producing right angles, pervades all, and points out security. And the length of the structure was three hundred cubits, and the breadth fifty, and the height thirty; and above, the ark ends in a cubit, narrowing to a cubit from the broad base like a pyramid, the symbol of those who are purified and tested by fire. And this geometrical proportion has a place, for the transport of those holy abodes, whose differences are indicated by the differences of the numbers set down below.
And the numbers introduced are sixfold, as three hundred is six times fifty; and tenfold, as three hundred is ten times thirty; and containing one and two-thirds (επιδίμοιροι), for fifty is one and two-thirds of thirty.
Now there are some who say that three hundred cubits are the symbol of the Lord's sign; and fifty, of hope and of the remission given at Pentecost; and thirty, or as in some, twelve, they say points out the preaching [of the ,,,here is clement of Alexandria on the same matter he was a fan of Plato also he quotes him very often,,,,,,but i notice he also is "looking for vowels",,,
 

iamsoandso

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Chapter 11. The Mystical Meanings in the Proportions of Numbers, Geometrical Ratios, and Music

As then in astronomy we have Abraham as an instance, so also in arithmetic we have the same Abraham. For, hearing that Lot was taken captive, and having numbered his own servants, born in his house, 318 (τιὴ ), he defeats a very great number of the enemy.
They say, then, that the character representing 300 is, as to shape, the type of the Lord's sign, and that the Iota and the Eta indicate the Saviour's name; that it was indicated, accordingly, that Abraham's domestics were in salvation, who having fled to the Sign and the Name became lords of the captives, and of the very many unbelieving nations that followed them.
Now the number 300 is, 3 by 100. Ten is allowed to be the perfect number. And 8 is the first cube, which is equality in all the dimensions— length, breadth, depth. The days of men shall be, it is said, 120 (ρκ And the moon at 15 days is full.
On another principle, 120 is a triangular number, and consists of the equality of the number 64, [which consists of eight of the odd numbers beginning with unity], the addition of which (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15) in succession generate squares; and of the inequality of the number 56, consisting of seven of the even numbers beginning with 2 (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14), which produce the numbers that are not squares
Again, according to another way of indicating, the number 120 consists of four numbers— of one triangle, 15; of another, a square, 25; of a third, a pentagon, 35; and of a fourth, a hexagon, 45. The 5 is taken according to the same ratio in each mode. For in triangular numbers, from the unity 5 comes 15; and in squares, 25; and of those in succession, proportionally. Now 25, which is the number 5 from unity, is said to be the symbol of the Levitical tribe. And the number 35 depends also on the arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic scale of doubles— 6, 8, 9, 12; the addition of which makes 35. In these days, the Jews say that seven months' children are formed. And the number 45 depends on the scale of triples— 6, 9, 12, 18— the addition of which makes 45; and similarly, in these days they say that nine months' children are formed.
Such, then, is the style of the example in arithmetic. And let the testimony of geometry be the tabernacle that was constructed, and the ark that was fashioned—constructed in most regular proportions, and through divine ideas, by the gift of understanding, which leads us from things of sense to intellectual objects, or rather from these to holy things, and to the holy of holies. For the squares of wood indicate that the square form, producing right angles, pervades all, and points out security. And the length of the structure was three hundred cubits, and the breadth fifty, and the height thirty; and above, the ark ends in a cubit, narrowing to a cubit from the broad base like a pyramid, the symbol of those who are purified and tested by fire. And this geometrical proportion has a place, for the transport of those holy abodes, whose differences are indicated by the differences of the numbers set down below.
And the numbers introduced are sixfold, as three hundred is six times fifty; and tenfold, as three hundred is ten times thirty; and containing one and two-thirds (επιδίμοιροι), for fifty is one and two-thirds of thirty.
Now there are some who say that three hundred cubits are the symbol of the Lord's sign; and fifty, of hope and of the remission given at Pentecost; and thirty, or as in some, twelve, they say points out the preaching [of the ,,,here is clement of Alexandria on the same matter he was a fan of Plato also he quotes him very often,,,,,,but i notice he also is "looking for vowels",,, i use firefox,so i click "edit",find, and put i.e. "eta" and it scans the whole text for it if you search for "cube" he uses 8 the first cube multiple times. and in other chapters of the same