They can buy back older debt with a higher interest rate then issue new debt with a lower one. They can also buy back debt for a new maturity date. Say they want to have all of certain amount of debt come due on the same day. So they will buy up older debt with different maturing dates. Reissue new debt at the same amount but all with the same maturity date.
They have been buying smaller amounts of debt up for awhile now. They have been doing so just to mainly test the system or operation to have the kinks worked out and to make sure it will work.
I believe they also use it to inject liquidity. Sort of like a repurchase agreement or a repo. What a repo is say you are Bank of X and you have withdrawals or cash obligations that exceed what you have cash on hand. You will sell your treasuries to the Fed or another bank overnight just to get liquidity or cash. Then the next day buy them back with minimal interest.
If you ever notice money market accounts pay usually just a little higher interest than other types of cash accounts this is why they tend to do repos.
I am not sure of the exact amount but when the government goes to auction for it's debt they have a minimum that they want bought. If not enough buyers then the banks that are set up so investors can buy through them. They are on the hook for the amount that is short the minimum. So they buy it up. If they get where they no longer have enough liquidity for upcoming auctions. Then Treasury can buy back some of what they hold so they have cash on hand.
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