In its original setting, the fourth commandment anticipated rest by prescribing rest, so that one kept the Sabbath by resting. However, the command soon escaped these confines, in part through its role as a sign of the whole law, and in part through the failure of Israel to find rest in the land.
The stress in the prophets on faithfulness as the heart of Sabbath observance was taken up in the New Testament, but there it was viewed in the light of what Jesus had done.
As God’s perfect human, Jesus lived the Sabbath day for God, releasing his fellow humans from bondage, bringing them into blessing, and at the last entering himself into God’s rest.
Ultimately, as Lord of the Sabbath, Jesus made it possible for others to follow him into that rest. This means that the Christian’s task is no longer to keep the Sabbath (Jesus has done that already) but to believe in him.
In its final setting, then, the fourth commandment is no longer a commandment for God’s people, but its intent remains. The ‘law of Christ’ anticipates rest by prescribing belief, but now rest has been realized.
In the Old Testament, the Sabbath was primarily about rest rather than worship. Sunday became a day of worship but was not initially a day of rest.
Regularity, for which the seven-day week provided a ready-made framework, distinguishes (Sunday) worship (*e.g. Heb. 10:25); completion, which was (and is) a final goal, distinguishes the Seventh Day.
The Sabbath day, then, was a sign of this eschatological rest, whereas Sunday is not presented in the New Testament as a sign of anything, despite its connection to the resurrection.
It is simply a well-chosen day upon which to gather to encourage one another in daily, unceasing striving to enter the Sabbath rest (Heb. 4:11).
The only gathering which can truly be described as sabbatical is the gathering of the bond-servants who will reign with the Lamb for ever in the new creation (Rev. 22:3–6).
Those who assert that the Sabbath must be kept today as ancient Israelites kept the Sabbath in the Old Testament are misled and misleading others.