Now we see why John included the article in the prepositional phrase "προς τον θεον." He was being very specific. The Word is WITH a SPECIFIC being called "The God" (τον θεον). In the next clause, he then lets us know that the Word was completely EQUAL with "The God", but through the careful use of the articles, has clued us in that the Word is not the same individual as "The God of the first clause."
One of the objections raised to the divinity of Jesus is that λογος means “the mind, wisdom, intelligence, Spirit, or plan of God” and nothing more. It is argued that λογος is NOT an individual, but just a way of describing the “mind” or “wisdom” or "Spirit" of God (this was a common philosophy of the Gnostics). Thus, the λογος was not an individual, but the wisdom of God. So Jesus was not a “God” made flesh, but the wisdom of God or the mind of God, made flesh. That means He did not exist prior to His birth (as God). Prior to his physical birth, He was merely an idea, or a plan in the MIND of God and that IDEA became a man.
John makes this interpretation completely absurd with the statement “ο λογος ην προς τον θεον” (the Word was WITH God). Further, προς emphasizes AGREEMENT WITH, not necessarily location or proximity. You see, if the λογος is JUST the mind, intelligence, wisdom or plan of God, it can’t be anything OTHER than with Him. If the λογος is the intelligence of God, then by definition it HAS to be with Him, which makes “the Word was WITH God” a completely pointless statement. It is the equivalent of saying, “My brain is with me today.” Since, if you are alive, they can’t be anything other than with you, not only have you given no information, you have implied something that is not true. By making that statement, you are implying that there might be a situation in which it could be somewhere else other than with you. Yet, John makes it crystal clear that his choice of words was not an accident. He places extra emphasis on the fact that the λογος was WITH God by restating it in the second verse: “And this one was in the beginning WITH God.” ουτος references the subject of the previous sentence, which was λογος in all three clauses. Thus, John is making a statement that can ONLY be interpreted as meaning the λογος is an individual. Not only is this individual with God, He is also God Himself. That means that Jesus DID exist prior to His birth (as He reveals Himself in John 17:5) “Father, glorify me with yourself, with the glory I had with you before the world was.”
John's construction is so carefully crafted that it is often called the most concise theological statement ever made. With these seventeen words of verse one, he wrote a sentence that took me all of this space to explain. John's deliberate use of grammar leaves us only ONE possible conclusion: The Word is completely and totally God in every way that the Father is God, but is NOT the same individual as the Father.
Do you have any question on any part of this? If you like we can take a little deeper look at the rest of the prologue as it connects with verse one.