Eschatology
Eschatology refers to the belief and teaching about the final events (the word
eschatos means “last”
and aspects of God’s work in salvation at the end of the world. What Paul believed about the culmination of individual salvation is relatively clear. The particular order of some of the events that are a part of the culminating sequence are less clear, but some idea of his mind on these matters can be determined from statements in these letters.
GLORIFICATION
The culmination of salvation for individuals is glorification. God’s plan regarding salvation is summarily stated by Paul this way: “those he predestined, he also called; those he called, he also justified; those he justified, he also glorified” (Rom. 8:30). Glorification involves several aspects, including deliverance from the presence of sin and all its pernicious effects at death (1 Cor. 15:55–56) into the presence of God.
Entrance into God’s presence at death. Though Paul did not write explicitly about the circumstance of Christians entering into the presence of Christ and God immediately at death, an understanding of this sort is implied by his word of assurance to the Thessalonians that “God will bring with Jesus those who have fallen asleep in him” (1 Thess. 4:14). The verb “fall asleep” (koimaō) was sometimes used to refer to death by both biblical and nonbiblical writers, but Paul frequently employed it to describe the death of Christians (e.g., 1 Cor. 15:6, 18, 20, 51).
Related to this issue is the understanding that Paul’s anthropology included the conviction that people are composed of material and immaterial parts. He told the Romans that “if Christ is in you, your body is dead because of sin, yet your spirit is alive because of righteousness” (Rom. 8:10). The spiritual aspect of a believer enters at death into the Lord’s presence. In 2 Corinthians 5 Paul wrote in terms of the two spheres of mortality and immortality (without discussion of any phases in that experience).
24 Still his profession that he would “prefer to be away from the body and at home with the Lord” (v. 8) can be applied to the circumstance of those Christians he described in 1 Thessalonians 4:14. Thus the first phase of the experience of glorification is entrance into the presence of the Lord at death.
Resurrection of the body. But the process of glorification for the individual Christian that begins at death with the spiritual aspect of the believer is completed at the resurrection with the transformation of the Christian’s body. As Paul assured the Thessalonians, “According to the Lord’s own word, we tell you that we who are still alive, who are left till the coming of the Lord, will certainly not precede those who have fallen asleep … the dead in Christ will rise first” (1 Thess. 4:15–16).
Paul discussed the resurrection most extensively in 1 Corinthians 15. As he told the Corinthians, the resurrection of Christians will follow the pattern of Jesus’ resurrection (v. 20). But defining the nature of the resurrected body was no easy task. Paul’s depiction was more suggestive than descriptive (vv. 35–57) and has produced discussion and debate among interpreters even in the present.
25
For example, he compared the mortal body to a seed. As a seed is sown in the ground, so the body is laid in a grave. But the flower that emerges from that seed is remarkably different and grander than the lowly seed that was sown. As Paul put it, “it is sown in dishonor, it is raised in glory; it is sown in weakness, it is raised in power; it is sown a natural body, it is raised a spiritual body” (vv. 43–44).
When Paul described the resurrected body as a “spiritual body,” did he mean it was nonmaterial? Probably not. As in the case of the references to “glory” and “power,” “spiritual” identifies the resurrection body with the Holy Spirit’s work. In salvation the Holy Spirit is the Agent who begins and completes the process of transformation. But to conclude that Paul envisioned that Christians would become like the Holy Spirit with a non-material existence is an overinterpretation of Paul’s point.
Paul, in fact, explicitly likened the Christian’s resurrected body to Christ’s resurrected body (vv. 20, 45–49). If he regarded Christ’s resurrected body as a non-material mode of being, like that of the Holy Spirit, he expressed this in a remarkably oblique manner. What distinguished the Son from the Father and from the Holy Spirit was His incarnation. If Paul meant to say that the incarnate Son became again a purely spiritual being at His resurrection, and Christians likewise will gain this mode of being, his words to the Corinthians about the necessity of a resurrection seem curiously beside the point. Though it is clear that Paul did not articulate precisely the nature of Christ’s resurrected body with all its glorious differences, he conceived of it, nonetheless, as a corporeal form of existence.
This bodily transformation would also be experienced by Christians living at the time of Jesus’ return. As Paul told the Corinthians, “We will not all sleep, but we will all be changed.… the dead will be raised imperishable, and we will be changed. For the perishable must clothe itself with the imperishable, and the mortal with immortality” (vv. 51–53). Thus the experience of glorification for those alive at Christ’s return begins at His appearing (cf. 1 Thess. 4:17).
Earlier in this letter to the Corinthians Paul compared the present experience of salvation with the future this way: “Now we see but a poor reflection as in a mirror; then we shall see face to face. Now I know in part; then I shall know fully, even as I am fully known” (13:12). The heart of glorification is this enjoyment of God’s presence and the unimpaired fellowship with Him that will exist. Paul envisoned the end of all things as a state in which “God may be all in all” (15:28), in which no opposition will remain and His people will live completely in His presence.
24 For further discussion about this and the question of an “intermediate state,” see David K. Lowery, “2 Corinthians,” in
The Bible Knowledge Commentary, New Testament, 565–66.
25 See, e.g., the discussion and debate about the nature of the resurrection body carried on by Murray J. Harris,
Raised Immortal (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985) and
From Grave to Glory (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1990); and Norman L. Geisler,
The Battle for the Resurrection (Nashville: Nelson, 1989) and
In Defense of the Resurrection (Clayton, Calif.: Witness, 1991).
@book{Zuck,-1366,
author = {Zuck, Roy B.},
title = {A Biblical Theology of the New Testament},
publisher = {Moody Press},
address = {Chicago},
year = {1994; Published in electronic form by Logos Research Systems, 1996},
pages = {291},
keywords = {Bible. N.T.},
edition = {electronic ed.},
}