Would it be correct to say that Jesus paid the penalty for our sins by dying on the cross?
Also, was the suffering Jesus endured before the cross (His flogging and whatever else He might have endured) a part of that payment?
Yes for both, but the world will persecute those that go against the world following Jesus, and they would of went against Jesus even if He was going against them with a different message that was not of the Bible contrary to their teachings, and ways.
But of course He would of not had so great a following when on earth if He preached something that was of another way, that was too far removed from their teachings, for they know Jesus still preached the Old Testament before He went to the cross, such as telling one person to go to the priest, and have him sacrifice an animal for him, for they were still under the Old Testament law, but also they believed He was the Messiah for His miracles, and teaching the 2 greatest commandments love God, and love people.
Even Nicodemus said they know He is a man from God for the works He did for nobody could do those works unless God was with them, and some leaders believed but did not say anything for fear of being put out of the synagogue, but they became hardened through time.
The persecution of Jesus before the cross was part of the way of the Christian, a saint, and told the story that He was not going to deny the truth, and what He came to do, so the flogging, and persecution leading up to the cross was all part of the process of being a true saint of God, and hanging unto the truth, and never denying the faith, no matter the persecution against you.
So His leading up to the cross with the persecution was important too for it is all part of the Christian way, do not ever deny the faith, and when He was on the cross He was saying He denies the world, and all that is in it, and will not comply with them, even if it means death.
Mat 10:24 The disciple is not above his master, nor the servant above his lord.
Mat 10:25 It is enough for the disciple that he be as his master, and the servant as his lord. If they have called the master of the house Beelzebub, how much more shall they call them of his household?
Mat 10:28 And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell.
2Ti 3:12 Yea, and all that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution.
Rom 8:35 Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? shall tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword?
Rom 8:36 As it is written, For thy sake we are killed all the day long; we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter.
Rom 8:37 Nay, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him that loved us.
Rev 13:7 And it was given unto him to make war with the saints, and to overcome them: and power was given him over all kindreds, and tongues, and nations.
But the saints will be persecuted from the world the same as Jesus.
Isa 53:4 Surely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted.
Isa 53:5 But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed.
Isa 53:6 All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned every one to his own way; and the LORD hath laid on him the iniquity of us all.
Isa 53:7 He was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he opened not his mouth: he is brought as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb, so he openeth not his mouth.
I look at it as it is all part of the Christian way to not ever deny the truth no matter the opposition, or persecution, against us, and Jesus was the first Christian, and the one to provide salvation, so the whole process of His life, and the cross, is all part of the process of salvation provided for us, for He did not deny the truth, and lived the Christian way despite the persecution.
For Jesus living a sinless life, and going against the Jews that did not accept Him, and suffering persecution from them is as important as going to the cross itself, for without that saintly life, and suffering persecution for it the cross would of not happened, for Jesus would of denied the truth, but we know He did not, and could not deny the truth.
Mat 5:10 Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness' sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
Mat 5:11 Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely, for my sake.
Mat 5:12 Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in heaven: for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you.
Heb 12:3 For consider him that endured such contradiction of sinners against himself, lest ye be wearied and faint in your minds.
Heb 12:4 Ye have not yet resisted unto blood, striving against sin.
If Jesus can endure the persecution, and the cross, then we can endure anything that is brought against us, and when the Spirit strengthens you it is a whole different situation than going by the flesh alone.