Judaism has always been around, since Jews have been carrying on with the covenant by circumcision, don't think they'll ever stop that custom, the one God told them to do.
Jerusalem was the apple of God's eye because it was the capital of Israel and had His temple.
I don't think those living outside of Jerusalem can really do much about the way it's now governed. Everyone wanted a piece of it at some stage in history.
When empires couldn't conquer it they just set up somewhere else, eg Rome, Constantinople/Istanbul, Vatican City... and other religions had their own centres eg 'The Forbidden City' Beijing, Mecca, Salt Lake City, Tel Aviv...most Capital cities are in strategic places in the centre of things so really location location location
Since Jesus predicted the temple would be destroyed (and raised up in 3 days through his own body) I don't think it matters too much now...humans just love making new cities and destroying old ones to consolidate their power. It's just the way things were done back in the day...Kingdoms give way to Empires, then republics, or democracies, realms, nations, everyone belongs to one territory or another, one tribe or clan, family or you become a ward of the state if nobody claims you even if you were born in international waters or off the grid.
Somehow, while all this earthly stuff is going on (kingdoms of this world) people constantly fret about who's in power and how they gonna live their lives. Well when you are born again, those things don't seem to matter. Even if you have a total idiot/tyrant in power making everyone's lives miserable and constantly fighting, warmongering or what not, if you are a believer and saved, you have been predestined to inherit all the promises of an eternal, spiritual kingdom through Christ.