I can't do this because my view prior to this discussion was that traditional view. Cleante pointed out the Ha-Satan concept to me, so I'm fleshing it out.
It makes perfect sense that society would want to put a face on evil. When we look back at the Holocaust, Hitler shoulders nearly all of the blame. Most aren't fans of the Nazis, but Hitler gets most of the attention for the wrong acts committed around and during WWII. Same kind of concept here, when the evil of another realm comes into discussion, Christians (and Jews as you pointed out) are pretty quick to blame Satan. Probably in part because it's a mouthful to say, "Some angel pointed out that I might do something evil and I did."
If anyone's capable of making the case you suggested, it's Cleante and I think she's been doing an amazing job of that already.
There is no difference between Satan and haSatan they are both the same exact words. Now, when investigating Satan you should be looking at the entire Bible (old and new Covenant) as a whole to make a doctrine. Not just getting pieces from Job, as a matter of fact the concept of taking anything from the old Covenant without using the light shed on it in the new, would not be a proper doctrine. IE: Afterlife is not mentioned much at all in the Tanakh but it is brought to light in the New Covenant.
In the same way, we have to understand who Satan is in light of all the Scriptures. First of all we have the testimony of the prophet Isaiah (or Yeshayahu, since you like Hebrew names) in the 14th chapter.
12 “ How you are fallen from heaven,
O Lucifer (in Hebrew means "morning star"), son of the morning!
How you are cut down to the ground,
You who weakened the nations!
13 For you have said in your heart:
‘ I will ascend into heaven,
I will exalt my throne above the stars of God;
I will also sit on the mount of the congregation
On the farthest sides of the north;
14 I will ascend above the heights of the clouds,
I will be like the Most High.’
15 Yet you shall be brought down to Sheol,
To the lowest depths of the Pit.
16 “ Those who see you will gaze at you,
And consider you, saying:
‘ Is this the man who made the earth tremble,
Who shook kingdoms,
17 Who made the world as a wilderness
And destroyed its cities,
Who did not open the house of his prisoners?’
18 “ All the kings of the nations,
All of them, sleep in glory,
Everyone in his own house;
19 But you are cast out of your grave
Like an abominable branch,
Like the garment of those who are slain,
Thrust through with a sword,
Who go down to the stones of the pit,
Like a corpse trodden underfoot.
20 You will not be joined with them in burial,
Because you have destroyed your land
And slain your people.
The brood of evildoers shall never be named.
21 Prepare slaughter for his children
Because of the iniquity of their fathers,
Lest they rise up and possess the land,
And fill the face of the world with cities.”
We also have passages like Luke chapter 4, where this same Satan tempts Yeshua. He begs for worship and obviously twits the words of haShem. This is not some friendly patner of God that is just used by God because first of all we have James telling us that God does not tempt us (so who does?). Look at the clear words of the apostle Peter.
1 Peter 5:8
Be sober, be vigilant; because
your adversary the devil walks about like a
roaring lion, seeking whom he may devour.
First the concept of Satan (by the way in Hebrew names define character, so Satan means "adversary" in Hebrew and Satan literally is ha-Satan, the adversary) - the same adversary that Peter calls the "devil" that walks about as a roaring lion, seeking whom he may devour.
So, I'll let you draw the conclusion here, but I wouldn't want you to believe that Satan is really some friendly angel, rather Yeshua calls him the "father of lies" and a "murderer", the apostle Paul said never to give any room for the devil and always put on the armor of God to protect yourself literally "that you may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil." (Eph. 6:11)
One last comment, Paul also said in Ephesians 6:12:
For we do not wrestle against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this age, against spiritual hosts of wickedness in the heavenly places.
Once again, I'll let you draw the conclusion. I hope may have been of some help to you.
Shalom!