Yes that was the original plan. But when the opportunity came and they could have had the King and the Kingdom, and they could have brought all the nations of the world to a knowledge of their God. But In their unbelief they rejected the King and the Kingdom. So God turned to the Gentiles through the Apostle Paul without using the Nation of Israel.
Now God has not forgotten the nation of Israel, after the church age is complete and rapture has taken place, God reverts His attention back to the nation of Israel, the two witness, the 144000 etc
But the disciples did not reject it. They carried it too all nations they could reach. Thus if many Jews did reject it that has nothing to do with the mission Jesus sent them on.
Acts 1:6-8, " 6 So when they had come together, they asked him, “Lord, will you at this time restore the kingdom to Israel?” 7 He said to them, “It is not for you to know times or seasons that the Father has fixed by his own authority. 8 But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you, and
you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth.”
Revelation 21:14, “And the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and on them were the twelve names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb.”
Peter was martyred in Rome about 66-68 AD, during the persecution under Emperor Nero. Origen says Peter was crucified, upside down at his request, because he did not feel he was worthy to die in the same manner as the Messiah.
Andrew went to the "Land of the Man-Eaters," in what is in modern times Russia. Christians there he was the first to bring the gospel to their land. He also preached in Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey, and in Greece, Patrae in Achaia is where he is said to have been crucified on an x-shaped cross he called to the crowds and taught them about Jesus Christ and how they might be saved, thus he was sharing the gospel up until the very time of his death.
Thomas was probably most active in the area east of Syria. Tradition has him preaching as far east as Edessa and India, where the ancient Marthoma Christians revere him as their founder. They claim that he died there when pierced through with the spears of four soldiers.
Philip possibly had a powerful ministry in Carthage in North Africa and then in Asia Minor, in Phrygia and died at Hierapolis. The tomb of the Apostle Phillip is found in Hierapolis where he converted the wife of a Roman proconsul, the proconsul had Philip arrested and cruelly put to death. He was impaled by iron hooks in his ankles and hung upside down to die.
Matthew the tax collector and writer of a Gospel, ministered to the Persians, Parthians, Medes and Ethiopians, he was staked or impaled to the earth by spears and then beheaded.
Bartholomew/Nathaniel had widespread missionary travels attributed to him by tradition: to India with Thomas, back to Armenia, and also to Ethiopia and Southern Arabia. There are various accounts of how he met his death as a martyr for the gospel. Most agree that he was basically flayed to death by whip, where he was literally torn to shreds, martyred in Armenia, he too must have been involved in the Great Commission and taking the good news into that part of the world. Apparently, he became a missionary to Asia Minor.
James the son of Alpheus, is one of at least three James referred to in the New Testament. There is some confusion as to which is which, but this James is reckoned to have ministered in Syria. The Jewish historian Josephus reported the James was thrown down from the temple by the scribes and Pharisees; he was then stoned, and his brains dashed out with a club.
James the son of Zebedee: He was beheaded by Herod Agrippa the 1st shortly before the day of the Passover, in the year 44 or about 11 years after the death of Christ. (Acts 12: 1-2)
Simon the Zealot so the story goes, ministered in Persia and he was was crucified after refusing to sacrifice to the sun god.
Matthais was the apostle chosen to replace Judas in fulfillment of prophecy (Psalm 69:25, 109:8). sentenced to death by the Sanhedrin and stoned.
When Matthias was already dead, the Jews, to hide their malefaction, cut off his head as an enemy of Caesar. According to several historians, the Apostle Matthias was crucified, and indicate that he instead died at Colchis, some even say he was burned.
Jude (Thaddeus): according to tradition Jude taught in Armenia, Syria and Persia where he was martyred by crucifixion. Tradition tells us he was buried in Kara Kalisa in what is now Iran.
John was imprisoned during Domitian's persecution in the middle 90's, he was exiled to the island of Patmos, were he was given visions and wrote the Revelation of Jesus Christ. He was later freed and went to Turkey, perhaps on a mission to establish churches there. John is the only one of the company generally thought to have died a natural death from old age between 90 AD to 120 AD. He was the leader of the church in the Ephesus area and is said to have taken care of Mary the mother of Jesus in his home.