While angels do appear in white (e.g.,
John 20:12;
Acts 1:10),
white garments more commonly are the dress of believers. That is particularly true in the immediate context of Revelation. Christ promised the believers at Sardis that they would "be clothed in white garments" (
3:5). He advised the apostate Laodiceans to "buy from Me... white garments so that you may clothe yourself" (
3:18). At the marriage supper of the Lamb, His bride will "clothe herself in fine linen, bright and clean" (
19:8).
White garments symbolize Christ's righteousness imputed to believers at salvation.That the elders wore
golden crowns on their heads provides further evidence that they were humans. Crowns are never promised in Scripture to angels, nor are angels ever seen wearing them.
Stephanos (
crown) is the victor's crown, worn by those who successfully endured the trial, those who competed and won the victory. Christ promised such a crown to the loyal believers at Smyrna: "Be faithful until death, and I will give you the crown of life" (
2:10). "Everyone who competes in the games exercises self-control in all things," wrote Paul. "They then do it to receive a perishable wreath [
stephanos], but we an imperishable" (
1 Cor. 9:25). He wrote of that imperishable crown again in
2 Timothy 4:8: "In the future there is laid up for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will award to me on that day; and not only to me, but also to all who have loved His appearing." James wrote of "the crown of life which the Lord has promised to those who love Him" (
James 1:12), and Peter of "the unfading crown of glory" (
1 Pet. 5:4). Holy angels do not personally struggle with and triumph over sin; thus, the overcomer's crown, the crown of those who successfully ran the race and finished victorious, would not be appropriate for them.
Assuming, then, that the twenty-four elders are humans, the question remains as to which humans they represent. First, it should be noted that the number twenty-four is used in Scripture to speak of completion and representation. There were twenty-four officers of the sanctuary representing the twenty-four courses of the Levitical priests (
1 Chron. 24:4-5, 7-18), as well as twenty-four divisions of singers in the temple (
1 Chron. 25). Whoever the twenty-four elders are, then, they likely represent a larger group.
Some believe the elders represent Israel. But while individual Jews have been and will continue to be redeemed throughout history, at the time of this vision the nation as a whole had not yet been redeemed. Their national judgment and salvation (
Rom. 11:26) comes during the Tribulation (
chaps. 6-19), largely as a result of the evangelistic efforts of the 144,000 (introduced in
chap. 7). When the twenty-four elders are first introduced, those events are yet to take place.
Similarly, the elders cannot be Tribulation saints, since they too had not yet been converted. The elders are already in heaven when the Tribulation saints arrive.
Revelation 7:11-14 describes the scene:
And all the angels were standing around the throne and around the elders and the four living creatures; and they fell on their faces before the throne and worshiped God, saying, "Amen, blessing and glory and wisdom and thanksgiving and honor and power and might, be to our God forever and ever. Amen." Then one of the elders answered, saying to me, "These who are clothed in the white robes, who are they, and where have they come from?" I said to him, "My lord, you know." And he said to me, "These are the ones who come out of the great tribulation, and they have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb."
The elders are also seen in heaven when other momentous events of the Tribulation take place, such as when the kingdoms of the world become the kingdom of Christ (
11:15-18), when the 144,000 gather on Mount Zion (
14:1-3), and when God destroys the Babylonian economic and religious system (
19:1-4).Some would split the twenty-four elders into two groups of twelve, one representing the church and the other Israel. There is no compelling exegetical reason, however, for so dividing them. In all their appearances in Revelation they appear as a unified group of twenty-four, never as two groups of twelve.
It is unlikely, then, that the twenty-four elders are angels, or that they represent Israel, the Tribulation saints, or a combination of Israel and the church. That leaves one most acceptable possibility, that they represent the raptured, glorified, coronated church, which sings the song of redemption (
5:8-10). They have their crowns and live in the place prepared for them, where they have gone to be with Jesus (cf.
John 14:1-4).
MacArthur New Testament Commentary, The - MacArthur New Testament Commentary – Revelation 1-11.