In fact some do use this language, as I already demonstrated. Again, to quote Hawking and Mlodinow: "...M-theory predicts that a great many universes were created out of nothing." (The Grand Design, 8).
Of course, we have to be careful about how we interpret these kinds of statements in a work of popular science where the ideas are, of necessity, highly over-simplified. Does the theory really say that universes are created out of nothing? Maybe. Only a small number of people in the world can claim to have any kind of serious grasp of M-theory, so who knows, but it could also be that the theory simply doesn't have anything to say about where these universes come from, so Hawking puts it in language his reader will be able to easily pick up on: they are created "out of nothing."
But even if he really is referring to a literal creation from nothing, there's no concensus on the subject, and many scientists take other views. M-theory is hypothetical, and ultimately our current models for describing such things are weak and highly tentative. Given that there is no physical evidence and therefore no substantiated theoretical understanding of the matter, and that even our hypothetical theoretical understanding is only in its most elementary stages, it certainly makes some sense to go with the established scientific framework, which says that if something is there, it came from somewhere (not nowhere).
Hawking and others may have reasons for the idea of creation from nothing, so I'll concede that my objection may have been too conclusive in taking the opposite view, which is the one I tend toward. Instead I'll simply note that there are no definite answers one way or the other.
And as it has been pointed out time and time again, a quantum energy field is not "nothing" or "nowhere" and so these particles are not coming from "nothing" or "nowhere"!
Sure but I'm not talking about a space that contains an already-existing field. What I'm saying is that in an empty space where there is no field and no particles, fields and particles actually do pop into existence ouf of nowhere (or, at least, they appear to).
If there is something giving rise to an entity (like a fluctuation in an energy field) then it is not something coming from nothing. In fact, this is the the idea that is behind Hawking and Mlodinow's language as is clear from the following quote: "Mutliverse Quantum fluctuations lead to the creation of tiny universes out of nothing" (137).
Not sure how this supports your point.
But calling this "nothing" is simply Hawking and Mlodinow's philosophical naivety poking through. Or else it's rhetorical slight of hand.
That's kind of what I was getting at above. It's hard to say, without actually understanding the theory, how literal he is actually being here and how much of it is just his interpretation of the theory (as opposed to a necessary result of the theory).
But to say that there is evidence for this is laughable. In fact the entire M-theory is just wishful thinking at this point.
Also along the lines of what I was saying above. It's all very speculative right now.
Or as physicist Roger Penrose (yes, the guy whose name is attached to the Hawking-Penrose theorems) says "What is referred to as 'M-Theory' isn't even a theory. It's a collection of ideas, hopes, aspirations... It certainly has no observational [evidence]."
Penrose is one of the biggest critics of M-theory. Hawking used to be one as well but he changed his tune when M-theory predicted results for the entropy of black holes that match up with other methods of calculating its value. Of course the problem here is that the other methods are also still speculative.
In fact random mutation (or what you're referring to as chance adaptation) is a concept that stands independently of natural selection. As you said, natural selection says that more fit creatures produce more offspring than less fit creatures, but it doesn't require anything to be so about random mutations. And as you said, the concept of natural selection isn't even surprising. It's the random mutation idea and the Darwinist claim that the two concepts are jointly sufficient conditions to explain the biological structures we find in nature. But Darwinism doesn't collapse them into "just natural selection."
Sure, it's random mutation in combination with natural selection. They work together in the sense that random mutations are selected on the basis of their beneficence (not sure if that's the right word but what the hey I'm going with it; you get the idea).
Time doesn't require the physical universe. The idea that time is relational is an Aristotelian concept and relations or changes don't require physical entities.
Aristotle's ideas were based on philosophy, not science. Because science didn't exist at the time, Greek philosphers came up with all kinds of fantastic notions which had no basis in reality. The relational (or relative) notion of space and time as a scientific idea was championed by Ernst Mach and later taken up by Albert Einstein, and his theory of relativity, which is currently our best understanding of space and time,
is a relational theory. The spacetime geometry of general relativity is not an actual entity but a network of evolving causal relationships.
Newton formulated his mechanics in the framework of an absolute spacetime, but the idea is now understood to be outdated. One of the biggest problems with string theory is that it is background-dependent, whereas the relational, background-independent nature of competing theories such as loop quantum gravity (which incorporates Penrose's spin networks) is considered to be one of its main strengths.