1 Timothy 2:11–15 (NASB) states:
"A woman must quietly receive instruction with entire submissiveness. But I do not allow a woman to teach or exercise authority over a man, but to remain quiet. For it was Adam who was first created, and then Eve. And it was not Adam who was deceived, but the woman being deceived, fell into transgression. But women will be preserved through the bearing of children if they continue in faith and love and sanctity with self-restraint."
This passage is at the heart of the ongoing discussion of the place and role of women in church, home and society.
As a male, I am sure I cannot fully grasp the impact this apostolic word must have on modern Christian women. But given that limitation, I can nonetheless understand something of the damage to one’s self-worth and sense of giftedness this restrictive word can evoke when not properly understood.
We are living at a point in history in which women and men enjoy a reputation for equal giftedness. In such a climate, the apostolic prohibition seems particularly difficult to understand and accept. For what is it about gender which militates against the full expression of the Creator’s gifts of heart and mind and spirit? Or, as Misty said, "what changed so that a phallus has become a prerequisite to leadership?"
This question has often been answered with the assertion that clearly defined roles for men and women are divinely ordained and that Paul’s restrictive instruction is evidence of such a universal norm. That response, however, is problematic. The account of the creation of male and female in Genesis 1–2, which we take as a foundational theological statement of the Creator’s design and intention, affirms male and female as equal and complementary.
Both are bearers, together, of God’s image (Gen 1:26–27). Both are given the mandate to responsible sovereignty over the created order (Gen 1:28). The creation of the woman is intended to rescue the man from his aloneness and to provide him with a complement (Gen 2:18).
AND, in spite of the ancient pagan view that the gods played a trick on man by creating woman of inferior material, the Judeo-Christian creation account of Genesis affirms the exact opposite! That the woman is of the same essence as man (“bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh,” Gen 2:23) and created with the same Imago Dei.
Thus the view that God intended the woman for a restricted role in home, church and society cannot be grounded in the order of creation.
But, a restricted status for woman has been traditionally grounded in the account of the Fall (Gen 3) in both Jewish and Christian thought and practice as biscuit pointed out. However, it is clear from the context of Genesis 2–3 that the words of 3:16 to Hebrew biblical scholars that “Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you” do not announce God’s created design for a male hierarchy. Rather these words announce a cursed existence because of a broken relationship between the human creation and the Creator. A restricted place for woman, and male-over-female dominance, is thus not divine purpose but an expression of human sin.
For Paul, the purpose of Christ’s redemptive work was to set God’s creation free from the curse of Eden. Those “in Christ” were new creations (2 Cor 5:17), freed from the bondage of sin and its expression in human relationships (Rom 6:5–7). In the new humanity created in Christ, the culturally and religiously ingrained view that some human beings, on the basis of gender or race or social status, were in some sense inferior could no longer be maintained (Gal 3:26–28). That was surely one of Paul’s central theological convictions.
So what IS happening in 1 Corinthians and 1 Timothy? In discussing the passage in 1 Corinthians 14:33–40, where Paul instructs women in the church to “remain silent,” we saw that this restriction was not universally applied either by Paul or by other early congregations. Women functioned in prominent leadership positions (Phoebe, Lydia, Euodia, Syntyche, Priscilla, Junia), designated as ministers (or deacons, Rom 16:1), fellow workers (Rom 16:3), colaborers in the gospel (Phil 4:2–9), apostles (or messengers, Rom 16:7).
The Spirit of God empowered both men and women to be proclaimers of God’s redemptive work in Christ (Acts 2:14–18). Women’s participation in the edifying presentation of the gospel and vocal prayer in the congregation were a normal part of early church life (1 Cor 11).
So what are the reasons for the particular restriction imposed on women in Timothy’s congregation since, as we have seen, a curtailed role for women was neither a part of the divine intention in creation nor a normative aspect of the redeemed order?
The problem then correlates well to the problem we see today with respect to feminism. Female false teachers had arisen and were threatening the very integrity of Christianity and putting the church at risk. Action had to be taken.
Upon reading 1 Timothy, one becomes immediately aware that the integrity of the Christian faith is at stake. There are some in the church who teach false doctrines and are occupied with myths and other speculative ideas which militate against sound and sincere faith (1 Tim 1:3–4).
Some have wandered into vain debates, seeking to be teachers without understanding and discernment (1 Tim 1:6–7) and there is throughout a serious concern in reaction by Paul for maintaining and guarding the truth of the faith (1 Tim 1:19; 2:4–7; 3:14–16; 4:1–3, 6–7, 16;6:1–5, 12).
The false teachings have led to a disregard for proper decorum and practices in the church (1 Tim 2:8–15) as well as to a rejection of the institution of marriage (1 Tim 4:3). In light of this last aspect of the heretical teaching, it is noteworthy that particular attention is directed to young widows (in 1 Tim 5:9–15), who are urged to marry, have children and manage their homes (1 Tim 5:14).
When these normal, socially prescribed roles and functions are neglected or rejected, these women are prone to “gossiping” and being “busybodies, saying things they ought not to” (1 Tim 5:13). Heretical teachings were upsetting accepted patterns of congregational and home life and they were emanating from women.
Such a situation in the Ephesian church is addressed in 2 Timothy 3:6–9, where women are the special targets of those “who oppose the truth” (2 Tim 3:8), becoming “unable to acknowledge the truth” (2 Tim 3:7).
In all cases, Paul’s restrictive word in 1 Timothy 2:11–12 must be understood within a context where false teaching is at issue. The general prohibition against all those who “teach false doctrines” (1 Tim 1:3) is now focused specifically on the women who have fallen prey to such false teaching and whom are involved in its promulgation.
The admonition of 1 Timothy 2:11 to “learn in quietness and full submission” is thus directed at the women who, on the basis of the heretical teaching, have become loud voices, strident advocates of ideas that are upsetting the ordered contexts of congregational and home life.
The “submission” enjoined on them is most likely a submission to the elders in the church, who are guardians of the truth and ordered worship.
The prohibition against their teaching is occasioned by their involvement in false teachings and heresy. Finally, the prohibition against “authority over a man” (1 Tim 2:12) must be understood within the context of their rejection of the authority of others, probably the male leaders in Ephesus whose orthodox, authoritative teaching is being undermined by their heretical views.
The unusual Greek word used carries primarily the negative sense of “grasping for” or “usurping authority.”
Thus, the restriction of women’s place and participation in the life and ministry of the church at Ephesus is “directed against women involved in false teaching who have abused proper exercise of authority in the church (not denied by Paul elsewhere to women) by usurpation and domination of the male leaders and teachers in the church at Ephesus.”
Paul goes on to ground this instruction in reflections on selected passages from Genesis.
All of this, of course, is VERY relevant for today in the face of destructive feminist inspired heresy.
However, what amounts to church discipline for the heretical, unruly, and ungodly must not be extrapolated to orthodox godly women. It CANNOT be used as a reason to undermine the latter's self-worth or giftedness in any way within the church.