If you will go through Romans chapters 9 through 11 carefully, you will note that Paul already recognized this, and lamented the fact. But then he goes to say in chapter 11 "And so all Israel shall be saved". In this chapter he is confirming what is already revealed in the OT about Israel in the future -- AFTER the second coming of Christ. And that is what we are talking about.
Yes, and this is while he was discussing the Church (redeemed Jews and Gentiles in one Body without any distinctions). Indeed in chapter 10 he calls believing Jews/ Israel "the good olive tree" and believing Gentiles branches grafted in from "the wild olive tree". So in the Church it was always "the (believing) Jew first" and then the "Greek" (Gentile).
But what you need to remember is this: "that blindness in part is happened to Israel, until the fulness of the Gentiles be come in" (Rom 11:25). What does "until the fulness of the Gentiles be come in" mean?
In the context of the Church and Israel, it means that there is a limit to the number of Gentiles who will be taken into the Church. Once that "fulness" is completed, God will resume His dealings with Israel as Israel at the second coming of Christ -- when "There shall come out of Sion the Deliverer, and shall turn away ungodliness from Jacob" [Israel] (Rom 11:26). So this is about the redemption and restoration of Israel following the real, personal, physical second coming of Christ.
Galatians 3:
5 So again I ask, does God give you his Spirit and work miracles among you by the works of the law, or by your believing what you heard?
6So also Abraham “believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness.”
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7Understand, then, that those who have faith are children of Abraham.
8Scripture foresaw that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, and announced the gospel in advance to Abraham: “All nations will be blessed through you.”
[SUP]d[/SUP] 9So those who rely on faith are blessed along with Abraham, the man of faith.
Rom 9:
1 I speak the truth in Christ—I am not lying, my conscience confirms it through the Holy Spirit—
2I have great sorrow and unceasing anguish in my heart.
3For I could wish that I myself were cursed and cut off from Christ for the sake of my people, those of my own race,
4the people of Israel. Theirs is the adoption to sonship; theirs the divine glory, the covenants, the receiving of the law, the temple worship and the promises.
5Theirs are the patriarchs, and from them is traced the human ancestry of the Messiah, who is God over all, forever praised!
[SUP]a[/SUP] Amen.
6It is not as though God’s word had failed. For not all who are descended from Israel are Israel.
7Nor because they are his descendants are they all Abraham’s children. On the contrary, “It is through Isaac that your offspring will be reckoned.”
[SUP]b[/SUP] 8In other words, it is not the children by physical descent who are God’s children, but it is the children of the promise who are regarded as Abraham’s offspring. 9For this was how the promise was stated: “At the appointed time I will return, and Sarah will have a son.”
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10Not only that, but Rebekah’s children were conceived at the same time by our father Isaac.
11Yet, before the twins were born or had done anything good or bad—in order that God’s purpose in election might stand:
12not by works but by him who calls—she was told, “The older will serve the younger.”
[SUP]d[/SUP] 13Just as it is written: “Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated.
If you are to understand anything in Romans 11, you have to start at Romans 9. Paul means believers when he is talking about Israel (believers from all nations) and when he talks of gentiles, he is talking of unbelievers from all nations including Jews. So, from Rom 9:8 onward, the mention of Israel is to mean believers. Israel of the old was just a reflection of believers and like I have always pointed out here, believers are of two groups; the faithful and the unfaithful believers. When Paul says that whole Israel is saved, it means that at the end, all believers will be saved.
Gentiles being grafted means unbelievers become believers and it will happen until the appointed number of believers (by promise) is achieved. The whole message of Paul to the Romans was that they should believe in Christ for if they believe, they are grafted in to be part of Israel (Believers)- Paul, did not go all the way to Rome to preach to them how Israel (Jews) will be saved but how Romans should be saved.