Should have added to post 43 that the phrase “Eli, Eli…..” is Aramaic, not Hebrew.
As Steve Caruso, one of the foremost scholars of Galilean Aramaic, explains it:
"In truth, this phrase has been subject to a game of telephone, which started in Aramaic and twisted its way through Greek, and some German spelling conventions, before landing in English.
This phrase is an Aramaic translation of the beginning of Psalm 22, “My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? Why art thou so far from helping me, from the words of my groaning?”
As we can see from extant translations in other Aramaic dialects, in Jesus’ native Galilean Aramaic, it was most likely rendered:
/əlahí əlahí ləmáh šəvaqtáni/
(The upside-down ‘e’ is the ‘schwa sound’, rest of vowels are as in Italian, accents show the stress, the š is as ‘sh’, the ‘q’ is a more guttural ‘k’ sound. - my edit)
When the Gospel writers were compiling their work in Greek, they ran into some interesting problems. Mainly that the Greek writing system had no way to express some of these sounds. It ended up with this (or something like it, as there is some variation from manuscript to manuscript):
ελοι ελοι λαμα σαβαχθανι - elü elü lama saḇaḥṯani
1. In Greek, there was not a sufficient 1 to 1 relationship with Aramaic vowels. Galilean’s ə (shewa) and its open vowel a (patah) were under many circumstances differentiated solely by emphasis and were slightly colored depending upon what sounds fell nearby. In trying to approximate them, the Greek scribe chose what sounded the closest based upon Greek vocalization.
2. There is no way to indicate an “h” sound in the middle of a word. So the “h” sounds in əlahi disappeared, and there was an unintended consequence: The two letters ο (omicron) and ι (iota) when placed together formed a diphthong, similar to the nasalized eu in French. In truth, if the diphthong were broken and the two vowels spoken separately with an “h” in the middle, they are very good approximations to the original.
3. There is also no way to express an sh sound (above š) so it was replaced with what was closest: σ (sigma, an “s” sound).
4. There was no “q” sound, which in Aramaic is a guttural “k” in the very back of the throat. It was replaced with χ (chi, a sound like clearing your throat).
5. And finally, the particular quality of the t was closer to their θ (theta) than to their τ (tau), so it was replaced with the former, softer sound.
Now when the Bible was translated into English, it went through yet another transliteration… but this time from the Greek. It looked (for the most part) like this:
Eloi, Eloi! Lama sabachthani?
How did we arrive at this from the Greek? Greek transliteration conventions were influenced by German transliteration conventions:
1. Again, Greek vowels aren’t at all 1:1 with English vowels — they represented different sounds — but their cognates in transliteration were very well established.
1. ε and η → e,
2. ο and ω→o,
3. ι→i,
4. α→a,
5. υ→y or u,
6. etc.
2. The use of these transliterations actually broke up the οι diphthong in reading — so that was a step back in the right direction.
3. The letter χ (ḥ, chi) is, through German transliteration, rendered as “ch,” as the digraph ch in German makes a similar sound.
4. The letter θ (theta) is transliterated as “th” as that’s the closest sound in English, although the quality of it is not nearly as breathy.
So there you have it."